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Health Measurement Scales
Abstract
This book covers in detail how to develop a measurement scale: a questionnaire or instrument, with specific applications in health sciences. Its organization follows the steps developers will go through during the process beginning with how the individual items are developed, and the various biases that can affect responses (e.g., social desirability, yea-saying, framing). It then discusses different response options, such as Likert scales, adjectival scales, visual analogue scales, Harter scales, and face scales, and the advantages and disadvantages of each. The book then explains how to select the best items in the set, using various psychometric criteria; and how to combine the individual items into a scale. There is much discussion of reliability and validity, from both a theoretical and statistical perspective, with a separate chapter on generalizability theory. Although the perspective is that of classical test theory, there is also an in-depth presentation of item response theory. It concludes with a discussion of ethical issues that may be encountered in developing and using scales; and presents guidelines for reporting the results of the scale development process. In the appendices there is a comprehensive guide to finding existing scales, and a brief introduction to exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis.
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The final sample of 295 participants ensured adequate statistical power for estimating reliability and validity.
“The final sample of 295 participants ensured adequate statistical power for estimating reliability and validity (Streiner & Norman, 2008).”
From Predicting Levels of Policy Advocacy Engagement Among Acute-Care Health Professionals (2016) · cites this paper as Streiner & Norman, 2008
Coefficient alpha increases with the number of items.
“because coefficient alpha increases with the number of items [12]”
From SANRA—a scale for the quality assessment of narrative review articles (2019) · cites this paper as [12]
There is a trade-off between simplicity (a small number of items) and reliability.
“Like internal consistency, reliability increases with the number of items [12], and there is a trade-off between simplicity (e.g., a small number of items) and reliability.”
From SANRA—a scale for the quality assessment of narrative review articles (2019) · cites this paper as [12]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Streiner, D. L., & Norman, G. R.
- ORCID
- Streiner, David L.
- Venue
- Oxford University Press eBooks
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press
- Published
- 2008-09-04
- OpenAlex
- W3146566578
- Cited by
- 2,631
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 32 · 2025: 55 · 2024: 63 · 2023: 49 · 2022: 65 · 2021: 138 · 2020: 102 · 2019: 107 · 2018: 152 · 2017: 149 · 2016: 199 · 2015: 239 · 2014: 287 · 2013: 252 · 2012: 210
- FWCI
- 84.34
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Oxford University Press eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Research and Theory › Health Education and Validation
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Survey Methodology and Nonresponse
- Keywords
- scale development, questionnaire design, health measurement, item development, response bias, social desirability bias, framing effects, Likert scale, visual analogue scale, face scale, item selection, reliability statistics, validity, generalizability theory, classical test theory, item response theory, research ethics, factor analysis
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