Second-meal effect: low-glycemic-index foods eaten at dinner improve subsequent breakfast glycemic response
Abstract
The effects of the glycemic index (GI) of carbohydrate eaten the previous night on the glycemic response to a standard test meal eaten subsequently in the morning (breakfast) was studied. On separate evenings normal subjects ate low- or high-GI test meals of the same nutrient composition. The dinners consisted of single foods in two experiments and mixed meals containing several foods in the third. The differences between the observed glycemic responses to low- and high-GI dinners were predicted by their GIs. The glycemic responses to breakfast were significantly lower on mornings after low-GI dinners than after high-GI dinners. Eating, at dinner, foods with different fiber contents but the same GI had no effect on postbreakfast glycemia. We conclude that the GI predicts the difference between glycemic responses of mixed dinner meals; breakfast carbohydrate tolerance is improved when low-GI foods are eaten the previous evening.
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The actions of carbohydrate on metabolism persist well beyond the postprandial state, as demonstrated by the second meal effect and the effect of a low-carbohydrate diet on fasting insulin.
“the actions of carbohydrate on metabolism persist well beyond the postprandial state, as demonstrated by the “second meal effect,” wherein the GI of supper influences glucose tolerance the next day (161, 162), and by the effect of a low-carbohydrate diet on fasting insulin (163).”
From The carbohydrate-insulin model: A physiological perspective on the obesity pandemic (2021) · cites this paper as [162]
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- Authors
- Wolever, T. M., Jenkins, D. J., Ocana, A. M., Rao, V. A., & Collier, G. R.
- Affiliations
- University of Toronto (CA)
- Venue
- The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1988-10
- Volume
- 48
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1041-1047
- ISSN
- 0002-9165 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2111705054
- Cited by
- 274
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 2.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Food composition and properties
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diet, Metabolism, and Disease
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Keywords
- second meal effect, glycemic index, low glycemic index foods, mixed meal, dietary fiber, carbohydrate tolerance, postprandial blood glucose
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Amino Acids, Blood Glucose, Blood Urea Nitrogen, C-Peptide, Creatinine, Diet, Dietary Carbohydrates, Dietary Fats, Dietary Fiber, Dietary Proteins, Female, Humans, Male, Time Factors
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