Zinc and immune function: the biological basis of altered resistance to infection

Shankar, Anuraj H; Prasad, Ananda S

doi:10.1093/ajcn/68.2.447s

Cited by 1,606Trace Elements in HealthIron Metabolism and DisordersPlant Micronutrient Interactions and Effects

Zinc and immune function: the biological basis of altered resistance to infection

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Shankar, Anuraj H, Prasad, Ananda S·1998·The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

DOI 10.1093/ajcn/68.2.447s

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Abstract

Zinc is known to play a central role in the immune system, and zinc-deficient persons experience increased susceptibility to a variety of pathogens. The immunologic mechanisms whereby zinc modulates increased susceptibility to infection have been studied for several decades. It is clear that zinc affects multiple aspects of the immune system, from the barrier of the skin to gene regulation within lymphocytes. Zinc is crucial for normal development and function of cells mediating nonspecific immunity such as neutrophils and natural killer cells. Zinc deficiency also affects development of acquired immunity by preventing both the outgrowth and certain functions of T lymphocytes such as activation, Th1 cytokine production, and B lymphocyte help. Likewise, B lymphocyte development and antibody production, particularly immunoglobulin G, is compromised. The macrophage, a pivotal cell in many immunologic functions, is adversely affected by zinc deficiency, which can dysregulate intracellular killing, cytokine production, and phagocytosis. The effects of zinc on these key immunologic mediators is rooted in the myriad roles for zinc in basic cellular functions such as DNA replication, RNA transcription, cell division, and cell activation. Apoptosis is potentiated by zinc deficiency. Zinc also functions as an antioxidant and can stabilize membranes. This review explores these aspects of zinc biology of the immune system and attempts to provide a biological basis for the altered host resistance to infections observed during zinc deficiency and supplementation.

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Zinc deficiency is correlated with enhanced susceptibility to infection in human and animal studies.
“Both human and animal studies have shown a correlation between zinc deficiency and enhanced susceptibility to infection.”
From Metal ion acquisition in Staphylococcus aureus: overcoming nutritional immunity (2012) · cites this paper as [190]
The decreased resistance to pathogens in zinc deficiency is probably due to immune impairment induced by zinc deficiency.
“Many animal studies show that zinc deficiency decreases resistance to a range of bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic pathogens (29), probably because of the immune impairment induced by zinc deficiency.”
From Zinc supplementation decreases incidence of infections in the elderly: effect of zinc on generation of cytokines and oxidative stress (2007) · cites this paper as [29]
Animal studies show that zinc deficiency decreases resistance to bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic pathogens.
“Many animal studies show that zinc deficiency decreases resistance to a range of bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic pathogens (29), probably because of the immune impairment induced by zinc deficiency.”
From Zinc supplementation decreases incidence of infections in the elderly: effect of zinc on generation of cytokines and oxidative stress (2007) · cites this paper as [29]
Zinc supplementation decreased oxidative stress markers.
“Zinc supplementation decreased not only the production of inflammatory cytokines but also that of oxidative stress markers, as we previously reported (19,29).”
From Zinc supplementation decreases incidence of infections in the elderly: effect of zinc on generation of cytokines and oxidative stress (2007) · cites this paper as [29]
Numerous studies have shown benefits of zinc supplementation for infectious diseases in human populations.
“Numerous studies have shown the benefits of zinc supplementation with respect to infectious diseases in human populations (29).”
From Zinc supplementation decreases incidence of infections in the elderly: effect of zinc on generation of cytokines and oxidative stress (2007) · cites this paper as [29]

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Authors: Shankar, A. H., & Prasad, A. S.
Affiliations: Johns Hopkins University (US)
ORCID: Shankar, Anuraj H
Prasad, Ananda S
Venue: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 1998-08
Volume: 68
Issue: 2
Pages: 447S-463S
ISSN: 0002-9165 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/68.2.447s
OpenAlex: W1943607432
Cited by: 1,606
References: 250
Citations by year: 2026: 33 · 2025: 53 · 2024: 46 · 2023: 52 · 2022: 70 · 2021: 90 · 2020: 98 · 2019: 65 · 2018: 52 · 2017: 77 · 2016: 84 · 2015: 61 · 2014: 91 · 2013: 70 · 2012: 68
FWCI: 8.72
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (vor, 8982 d)
Locations: American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Johns Hopkins University (HRN-A-00-97-00015-00)
Topics: Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Trace Elements in Health
Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Iron Metabolism and Disorders
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Plant Micronutrient Interactions and Effects
Keywords: zinc, zinc deficiency, immune function, infection susceptibility, non-specific immunity, natural killer cells, neutrophils, T cell activation, Th1 cytokines, B cells, antibody production, IgG, macrophages, phagocytosis, apoptosis, antioxidant function, zinc supplementation
MeSH terms: Animals, Glucocorticoids, Humans, Immunity, Infections, Thymic Factor, Circulating, Zinc, Cytokines, Apoptosis

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Zinc and immune function: the biological basis of altered resistance to infection

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