Feeding the immune system
Open accessAbstract
A well-functioning immune system is key to providing good defence against pathogenic organisms and to providing tolerance to non-threatening organisms, to food components and to self. The immune system works by providing an exclusion barrier, by identifying and eliminating pathogens and by identifying and tolerating non-threatening sources of antigens, and by maintaining a memory of immunological encounters. The immune system is complex involving many different cell types distributed throughout the body and many different chemical mediators some of which are involved directly in defence while others have a regulatory role. Babies are born with an immature immune system that fully develops in the first few years of life. Immune competence can decline with ageing. The sub-optimal immune competence that occurs early and late in life increases susceptibility to infection. Undernutrition decreases immune defences, making an individual more susceptible to infection. However, the immune response to an infection can itself impair nutritional status and alter body composition. Practically all forms of immunity are affected by protein-energy malnutrition, but non-specific defences and cell-mediated immunity are most severely affected. Micronutrient deficiencies impair immune function. Here, vitamins A, D and E, and Zn, Fe and Se are discussed. The gut-associated lymphoid tissue is especially important in health and well-being because of its close proximity to a large and diverse population of organisms in the gastrointestinal tract and its exposure to food constituents. Certain probiotic bacteria which modify the gut microbiota enhance immune function in laboratory animals and may do so in human subjects.
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A bidirectional relationship exists among nutrition, infection and immunity, such that changes in one component affect the others.
“A bidirectional relationship among nutrition, infection and immunity exists: changes in one component affect the others.”
From Immune function and micronutrient requirements change over the life course (2018) · cites this paper as [5]
Prior to birth, babies lack significant antigenic exposure, have not acquired immunological memory, and their adaptive immunity is not fully developed.
“Prior to birth, babies lack significant antigenic exposure and so have not yet acquired immunological memory and their adaptive immunity is not fully developed [5,10,11,19].”
From Immune function and micronutrient requirements change over the life course (2018) · cites this paper as [5]
Poor nutrition compromises immune function and increases infection risk.
“while poor nutrition can compromise immune function and increase infection risk.”
From Immune function and micronutrient requirements change over the life course (2018) · cites this paper as [5]
The development of long-term immune memory is impaired with age, with a diminished response to vaccination.
“The development of long-term immune memory is also impaired, with a diminished response to vaccination [5].”
From Immune function and micronutrient requirements change over the life course (2018) · cites this paper as [5]
Microbial antigens are essential for the education of the immune system and development of Th-1 type responses, and breakdown in such immune education may predispose to allergic, inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.
“Microbial antigens are essential for the education of the immune system and development of Th-1 type responses and breakdown in such immune education may predispose to allergic, inflammatory and autoimmune diseases [5,10].”
From Immune function and micronutrient requirements change over the life course (2018) · cites this paper as [5]
With increasing age, there is a loss of lymphoid tissue, particularly in the thymus, and the ability to respond to pathogens, antigens and mitogens decreases.
“There is a loss of lymphoid tissue, particularly in the thymus, with increasing age [25], and the ability to respond to pathogens, antigens and mitogens decreases [5,33].”
From Immune function and micronutrient requirements change over the life course (2018) · cites this paper as [5]
Infection can cause a significant increase in the demand for micronutrients, met by endogenous or exogenous (i.e., the diet) supplies.
“In turn, infection can cause a significant increase in the demand for micronutrients, met by endogenous or exogenous (i.e., the diet) supplies [5,50].”
From Immune function and micronutrient requirements change over the life course (2018) · cites this paper as [5]
The development, maintenance and optional functioning of immune cells is dependent on adequate nutrition, evident at all stages of life.
“The development, maintenance and optional functioning of immune cells is dependent on adequate nutrition, evident at all stages of life [4,5,33,49,69].”
From Immune function and micronutrient requirements change over the life course (2018) · cites this paper as [5]
Immune defenses can be impaired by undernutrition, which increases susceptibility to infection.
“Immune defenses can be impaired by undernutrition, which increases susceptibility to infection [4,5,70].”
From Immune function and micronutrient requirements change over the life course (2018) · cites this paper as [5]
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Immune function and micronutrient requirements change over the life course
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- Authors
- Calder, P. C.
- Affiliations
- University of Southampton (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Calder, Philip C.
- ORCID
- Calder, Philip C.
- Venue
- Proceedings of The Nutrition Society
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2013-05-21
- Volume
- 72
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 299-309
- ISSN
- 0029-6651 (ISSN-L)
- 1475-2719
- OpenAlex
- W2073427519
- Cited by
- 283
- References
- 163
- Citations by year
- 2026: 26 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 53 · 2020: 33 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 2
- FWCI
- 1.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Proceedings of The Nutrition Society (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Mead Johnson Nutrition
- Danone
- National Institute for Health and Care Research
- National Institute for Health Research Southampton Biomedical Research Centre
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Infant Nutrition and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutrition and Health Studies
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Nutrition and Physiology
- Keywords
- immune function, nutrition and immunity, protein-energy malnutrition, micronutrient deficiency, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, zinc, iron, selenium, gut-associated lymphoid tissue, probiotics, gut microbiota, immunosenescence, malnutrition, infection susceptibility, cell-mediated immunity, non-specific immunity
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Humans, Immune System, Lymphoid Tissue, Nutritional Status, Protein-Energy Malnutrition, Trace Elements, Vitamins, Probiotics, Gastrointestinal Tract
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