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Consumption of high doses of chlorogenic acid, present in coffee, or of black tea increases plasma total homocysteine concentrations in humans
Open accessAbstract
Background In population studies, high intakes of coffee are associated with raised concentrations of plasma homocysteine, a predictor of risk of cardiovascular disease. Chlorogenic acid is a major polyphenol in coffee; coffee drinkers consume up to 1 g chlorogenic acid/d. Objective We studied whether chlorogenic acid affects plasma total homocysteine concentrations in humans. For comparison we also studied the effects of black tea rich in polyphenols and of quercetin-3-rutinoside, a major flavonol in tea and apples. Design In this crossover study, 20 healthy men and women ingested 2 g (5.5 mmol) chlorogenic acid, 4 g black tea solids containing approximately 4.3 mmol polyphenols and comparable to approximately 2 L strong black tea, 440 mg (0.7 mmol) quercetin-3-rutinoside, or a placebo daily. Each subject received each of the 4 treatments for 7 d, in random order. Results Total homocysteine in plasma collected 4-5 h after supplement intake was 12% (1.2 micromol/L; 95% CI: 0.6, 1.7) higher after chlorogenic acid and 11% (1.1 micromol/L; 95% CI: 0.6, 1.5) higher after black tea than after placebo. Total homocysteine in fasting plasma collected 20 h after supplement intake was 4% (0.4 micromol/L; 95% CI: 0.0, 0.8) higher after chlorogenic acid and 5% (0.5 micromol/L; 95% CI: 0.0, 0.9) higher after black tea than after placebo. Quercetin-3-rutinoside did not significantly affect homocysteine concentrations. Conclusions Chlorogenic acid, a compound in coffee, and black tea raise total homocysteine concentrations in plasma. Chlorogenic acid could be partly responsible for the higher homocysteine concentrations observed in coffee drinkers. Whether these effects on homocysteine influence cardiovascular disease risk remains to be established.
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“Long-term heavy coffee consumption has been associated with a slightly elevated risk of hypertension,40 and a higher level of plasma homocysteine.41, 42”
From Long-Term Coffee Consumption and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review and a Dose–Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies (2014) · cites this paper as [42]
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Li, M., Luo, J., Nawaz, M. A., Stockmann, R., Buckow, R., Barrow, C. J., Dunshea, F. R., & Suleria, H. A. R. (2023) · Food Reviews International · doi:10.1080/87559129.2023.2168280 · Cited by 58
“[109 ,112] Olthof, et al. [113] showed that the colon would be the digestion site for the esterified hydroxycinnamic acids.”
BackgroundHerbal Medicines in Pregnancy and Lactation: An Evidence-Based Approach
Mills, E. J., Duguoa, J.-J., Perri, D., & Koren, G. (2006) · Cited by 50
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“, caffeic, ferulic, synaptic, or p-coumaric acids) often occur in their esterified form with quinic and tartaric acids or carbohydrate derivatives, being absorbed in the colon [61,63].”
BackgroundMethylation demand and homocysteine metabolism
Stead, L. M., Jacobs, R. L., Brosnan, M. E., & Brosnan, J. T. (2004) · Advances in Enzyme Regulation · doi:10.1016/j.advenzreg.2003.11.012 · Cited by 49
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Weichselbaum, E., Wyness, L., & Stanner, S. A. (2010) · Nutrition Bulletin · doi:10.1111/j.1467-3010.2010.01822.x · Cited by 48
Coffee as a speciality and functional beverage
Farah, A. (2009) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1533/9781845695569.3.370 · Cited by 52
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Dietary Patterns Are Associated with Hyperhomocysteinemia in an Urban Pakistani Population
Yakub, M., Iqbal, M. P., & Iqbal, R. (2010) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.109.120477 · Cited by 46
“Although we think that the effect of tea in terms of polyphenol concentration may not be very significant (45), it could be adding to the homocysteine concentrations by decreasing the bioavailability of folate and, hence, affect the homocysteine remethylation cycle (46).”
BackgroundHealthy components of coffee processing by-products
Dorsey, B. M., & Jones, M. A. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-811290-8.00002-5 · Cited by 51
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“Hence to confront these limitations, administration of a high dosage was used [1] but in which led to observable events of severe side effects such as DNA damage [32], cardiovascular complications [33], inflammatory and oxidative stress injuries [34], disruption in natural oxidant and antioxidant balance mechanisms [3…”
BackgroundInfluentialEffects of Dietary Nutrients on Epigenetic Changes in Cancer
Andreescu, N. I., Puiu, M., & Niculescu, M. D. (2018) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-8751-1_7 · Cited by 46
A 6-month randomized pilot study of black tea and cardiovascular risk factors
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“Chlorogenic acid, a polyphenol, also present in coffee may also be partly responsible for the increase in tHcy (Olthof et al, 2001).”
BackgroundResultvan der Hoeven, T., Browne, J. L., Uiterwaal, C. S. P. M., van der Ent, C. K., Grobbee, D. E., & Dalmeijer, G. W. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0177619 · Cited by 43
Consumption of green coffee and the risk of chronic diseases
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“Total homocysteine in the postprandial plasma of individuals consuming chlorogenic acid compared to placebo was 12 % higher; total homocysteine was increased by 4 % in fasting plasma, and fasting plasma folate concentration was decreased by 8 % (Olthof et al. 2001).”
BackgroundCoffee Consumption and Coronary Calcification
Woudenbergh, G. J. G.-V., Vliegenthart, R., van Rooij, F. J. A., Albert Hofman, D., Oudkerk, M., Witteman, J. C. M., & Geleijnse, J. M. (2008) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/atvbaha.107.160457 · Cited by 42
The potential role of epigenetic responses to diet in ageing
Ford, D., Ions, L. J., Alatawi, F. S., & Wakeling, L. A. (2011) · Proceedings of The Nutrition Society · doi:10.1017/s0029665111000851 · Cited by 42
Chlorogenic Acid’s Role in Metabolic Health: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential
Zalewska, K., Kulawik, M., Gierszewska, J., Gramala, Z., Kalus, O., Karpiński, M., Maćkowiak, J., Staniewski, A., Szymańska, Z., Zalewska, B., et al. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17203303 · Cited by 46
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The Effect of Caffeine on Tear Secretion
Osei, K. A., Ovenseri-Ogbomo, G. O., Kyei, S., & Ntodie, M. (2013) · Optometry and Vision Science · doi:10.1097/opx.0000000000000129 · Cited by 39
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Coffee Consumption and Circulating B-Vitamins in Healthy Middle-Aged Men and Women
Ulvik, A., Vollset, S. E., Hoff, G. S., & Ueland, P. M. (2008) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1373/clinchem.2008.103465 · Cited by 39
Can black tea influence plasma total homocysteine concentrations?
Hodgson, J. M., Burke, V., Beilin, L. J., Croft, K. D., & Puddey, I. B. (2003) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/77.4.907 · Cited by 37
Green coffee: economic relevance and a systematic review of the effects on human health
Bosso, H., Barbalho, S. M., Goulart, R. D. Á., & Otoboni, A. M. M. B. (2021) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2021.1948817 · Cited by 36
“The subsequent studies did not report whether or not there were any adverse effects: Suzuki et al. (2019); Mart ınez-L opez et al. (2019); Bobillo et al. (2018); Sarri a et al. (2018); (Haidari et al. (2017); Beam et al. (2015); Camfield et al. (2013); Lecoultre et al. (2014); ReyesIzquierdo et al. (2013); Olthof et a…”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Olthof, M. R., Hollman, P. C., Zock, P. L., & Katan, M. B.
- Affiliations
- Wageningen University & Research (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Olthof, Margreet R
- Venue
- The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2001-03
- Volume
- 73
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 532-538
- ISSN
- 0002-9165 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2137832364
- Cited by
- 222
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 6.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Socio-Environmental Systems Modeling (acceptedVersion)
- VU Research Portal (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Coffee research and impacts
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Folate and B Vitamins Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry (medical) › Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities
- Keywords
- chlorogenic acid, coffee, black tea, homocysteine, plasma homocysteine, polyphenols, rutin, cardiovascular risk, dietary supplementation, flavonols
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Cardiovascular Diseases, Chlorogenic Acid, Coffee, Fasting, Female, Flavonoids, Folic Acid, Glucosides, Homocysteine, Humans, Male, Phenols, Polymers, Pyridoxine, Quercetin, Risk Factors, Tea, Vitamin B 12, Cross-Over Studies, Postprandial Period
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