The subcortical anatomy of human spatial neglect: putamen, caudate nucleus and pulvinar
Abstract
Various studies have documented that right hemispheric lesions restricted to the basal ganglia or to the thalamus may evoke spatial neglect. However, for methodological reasons, the exact anatomical correlate of spatial neglect within these two subcortical structures still remained uncertain. The present study identified these locations by comparing the anatomy of subcortical lesions to the basal ganglia or thalamus between neglect and control patients. Analysis revealed that the putamen, the pulvinar and, to a smaller degree, the caudate nucleus are the subcortical structures typically associated with spatial neglect in humans. All these structures have direct anatomical connections to the superior temporal gyrus (STG), which recently has been identified as the neural correlate of spatial neglect in the human cortex. Therefore, it is assumed that the right putamen, caudate nucleus, pulvinar and STG form a coherent corticosubcortical anatomical network in the genesis of spatial neglect in humans.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Damage to the pulvinar in humans can result in visual hemi-neglect, deficits in feature binding, or focal attention.
“Damage to the pulvinar in humans can result in visual hemi-neglect [44,45], deficits in feature binding [46] or focal attention [47].”
From Cerebral hierarchies: predictive processing, precision and the pulvinar (2015) · cites this paper as [45]
Cites
Talairach, J., Tournoux, P., & Rayport, M. (1988) · Thieme eBooks · Cited by 5,058 · see citing works
Stereotaxic Display of Brain Lesions
Rorden, C., & Brett, M. (2000) · Behavioural Neurology · doi:10.1155/2000/421719 · Cited by 2,573 · see citing works
Self-citationCorbetta, M., Miezin, F. M., Dobmeyer, S., Shulman, G. L., & Petersen, S. (1991) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.11-08-02383.1991 · Cited by 1,590 · see citing works
Jones, E. G. (1985) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-1749-8 · Cited by 1,170 · see citing works
Mesulam, M.-M. (1999) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.1999.0482 · Cited by 1,096 · see citing works
Adolphs, R., Damasio, H., Tranel, D., Cooper, G., & Damasio, A. R. (2000) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.20-07-02683.2000 · Cited by 1,095 · cited 2× · see citing works
“This technique has been used previously for anatomical comparison between patient groups (e.g. Weiller et al., 1990, 1993; Adolphs et al., 2000).”
MethodThe Bells Test: A quantitative and qualitative test for visual neglect.
Gauthier, L., Dehaut, F., & Joanette, Y. (1989) · The International journal of clinical neuropsychology · Cited by 1,061 · see citing works
Principles of behavioral neurology
Mesulam, M.-M. (1985) · Davis eBooks · Cited by 976 · see citing works
Atlas for Stereotaxy of the Human Brain
Schaltenbrand, G., & Wahren, W. (1977) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 929 · see citing works
Vallar, G., & Perani, D. (1986) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/0028-3932(86)90001-1 · Cited by 834 · see citing works
Spatial awareness is a function of the temporal not the posterior parietal lobe
Karnath, H., Ferber, S., & Himmelbach, M. (2001) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35082075 · Cited by 813 · see citing works
Self-citationFeeney, D. M., & Baron, J. (1986) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/01.str.17.5.817 · Cited by 668 · see citing works
The posterior thalamic region and its cortical projection in new world and old world monkeys
Burton, H., & Jones, E. G. (1976) · Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.901680204 · Cited by 555 · see citing works
Heilman, K. M., & Valenstein, E. (1972) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.22.6.660 · Cited by 447 · see citing works
Contributions of the pulvinar to visual spatial attention
Petersen, S. E., Robinson, D. L., & Morris, J. D. (1987) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/0028-3932(87)90046-7 · Cited by 395 · see citing works
Pulvinar nuclei of the behaving rhesus monkey: visual responses and their modulation
Petersen, S. E., Robinson, D. L., & Keys, W. (1985) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.1985.54.4.867 · Cited by 378 · see citing works
Deficits in human visual spatial attention following thalamic lesions.
Rafal, R. D., & Posner, M. I. (1987) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.84.20.7349 · Cited by 359 · see citing works
Positron emission tomographic measurements of pulvinar activity during an attention task
LaBerge, D., & Buchsbaum, M. (1990) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.10-02-00613.1990 · Cited by 353 · see citing works
Mental state assessment of young and elderly adults in behavioral neurology
Weintraub, S. A. (1985) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 330 · see citing works
Neglect following damage to frontal lobe or basal ganglia
Damásio, A. R., Damásio, H., & Chui, H. C. (1980) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/0028-3932(80)90058-5 · Cited by 322 · see citing works
Caplan, L. R., Schmahmann, J. D., Kase, C. S., Feldmann, E., Baquis, G., Greenberg, J. P., Gorelick, P. B., HELGASON, C., & Hier, D. B. (1990) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.1990.00530020029011 · Cited by 311 · see citing works
NONHAEMORRHAGIC THALAMIC INFARCTION
Graff‐Radford, N. R., Damasio, H., Yamada, T., Eslinger, P. J., & Damásio, A. R. (1985) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/108.2.485 · Cited by 293 · see citing works
Watson, R. T. (1981) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.1981.00510080063009 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
EFFECTS OF THALAMIC STROKE ON ENERGY METABOLISM OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX
Baron, J., D'Antona, R., Pantano, P., Serdaru, M., Samson, Y., & Bousser, M. (1986) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/109.6.1243 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Localization in neuropsychology
KERTESZ, A. E. (1983) · Academic Press eBooks · Cited by 244 · see citing works
APHASIA AND NEGLECT AFTER SUBCORTICAL STROKE
Perani, D., Vallar, G., Cappa, S. F., Messa, C., & Fazio, F. (1987) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/110.5.1211 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Acute Caudate Vascular Lesions
Kumral, E., Evyapan, D., & Balkır, K. (1999) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/01.str.30.1.100 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Watson, R. T., & Heilman, K. M. (1979) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.29.5.690 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Retinotopic organization of macaque pulvinar.
Bender, D. B. (1981) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.1981.46.3.672 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Brain-behavior correlations in hemispatial neglect using CT and SPECT
Leibovitch, F. S., Black, S. E., Caldwell, C. B., Ebert, P. L., Ehrlich, L. E., & Szalai, J. P. (1998) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.50.4.901 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Thalamic connections with limbic cortex. I. Thalamocortical projections
Robertson, R. T., & Kaitz, S. S. (1981) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.901950308 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Hypertensive putaminal hemorrhage
Hier, D. B., Davis, K. R., Richardson, E. P., et al. (1977) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.410010209 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
The syndrome of unilateral tuberothalamic artery territory infarction.
Bogousslavsky, J., Regli, F., & ASSAL, G. (1986) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/01.str.17.3.434 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Vallar, G., Perani, D., Cappa, S. F., Messa, C., Lenzi, G. L., & Fazio, F. (1988) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.51.10.1269 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
The Large Striatocapsular Infarct
Weiller, C. (1990) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.1990.00530100051013 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
The Baking Tray Task: A Test of Spatial Neglect
Tham, K. (1996) · Neuropsychological Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/713755496 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Neural responses to salient visual stimuli
Morris, J. S., Friston, K. J., & Dolan, R. J. (1997) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.1997.0109 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Kumral, E., Kocaer, T., Ertübey, N. Ö., & Kumral, K. (1995) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/01.str.26.6.964 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
The case of aphasia or neglect after striatocapsular infarction
Weiller, C., Willmes, K., Reiche, W., Thron, A. K., Isensee, C., Buell, U., & Ringelstein, E. B. (1993) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/116.6.1509 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
THE STROKE SYNDROME OF STRIATOCAPSULAR INFARCTION
Donnan, G. A., Bladin, P. F., Berkovic, S. F., Longley, W. A., & Saling, M. M. (1991) · Brain · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.brain.a101867 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Endogenously Generated and Visually Guided Saccades after Lesions of the Human Frontal Eye Fields
Henik, A., Rafal, R. D., & Rhodes, D. L. (1994) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.1994.6.4.400 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Pathogenesis and treatment of cerebrovascular disease
Silverman, D. (1962) · Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/0013-4694(62)90045-7 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Mechanisms underlying the unilateral neglect syndrome.
Heilman, K. M., & Watson, R. T. (1977) · PubMed · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Symmetry and Asymmetry in the Human Posterior Thalamus
Eidelberg, D. (1982) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.1982.00510180003001 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Thalamic connections with limbic cortex. II. Corticothalamic projections
Kaitz, S. S., & Robertson, R. T. (1981) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.901950309 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Chung, C. (2000) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/123.9.1850 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Cognitive dysfunction following thalamic stroke: a study of 16 cases and review of the literature
Karussis, D. M., Leker, R. R., & Abramsky, O. (2000) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/s0022-510x(99)00267-1 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Chung, C., Caplan, L. R., Han, W., Pessin, M. S., Lee, K.-H., & Kim, J. M. (1996) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/119.6.1873 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Healton, E. B., Navarro, C., Bressman, S., et al. (1982) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.32.7.776 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Recovery of Neglect After Right Hemispheric Damage
Pizzamiglio, L., Perani, D., Cappa, S. F., Vallar, G., Paolucci, S., Grassi, F., Paulesu, E., & Fazio, F. (1998) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.55.4.561 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Chapter 31 Functional contributions of the primate pulvinar
Robinson, D. L. (1993) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(08)60382-9 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
A review of cat and monkey studies implicating the pulvinar in visual function
Chalupa, L. M. (1977) · Behavioral Biology · doi:10.1016/s0091-6773(77)90721-0 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Gattass, R., Oswaldo‐Cruz, Ė., & Sousa, A. P. B. (1978) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(78)90130-0 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Ferro, J. M., KERTESZ, A. E., & Black, S. E. (1987) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.37.9.1487 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Perani, D., Vallar, G., Paulesu, E., Alberoni, M., & Fazio, F. (1993) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/0028-3932(93)90040-7 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Pulvinar lesions in monkeys produce abnormal scanning of a complex visual array
Ungerleider, L. G., & Christensen, C. A. (1979) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/0028-3932(79)90056-3 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Gauthier, L., Dehaut, F., & Joanette, Y. (1989) · PsycTESTS Dataset · doi:10.1037/t28075-000 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Pattern of CBF in the Rehabilitation of Visuospatial Neglect
Pantano, P., Piero, V. D., Fieschi, C., Judica, A., Guariglia, C., & Pizzamiglio, L. (1992) · International Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/00207454.1992.12062311 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Unilateral spatial neglect due to hemorrhage in the thalamic region
Motomura, N., Yamadori, A., Mori, E., Ogura, J. H., Sakai, T., & Sawada, T. (1986) · Acta Neurologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0404.1986.tb07854.x · Cited by 34 · see citing works
The syndrome of posterior thalarnic hemorrhage
Hirose, G., Kosoegawa, H., Saeki, M., et al. (1985) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.35.7.998 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Thalamic hemorrhage with neglect and memory disorder
Waxman, S. G., Ricaurte, G. A., & Tucker, S. B. (1986) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/0022-510x(86)90053-5 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Infarction in the territory of the anterior cerebral artery
Klatka, L. A., Depper, M. H., & Marini, A. M. (1998) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.51.2.620 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Pathogenesis of subcortical visuo-spatial neglect. A HMPAO SPECT study
Demeurisse, G., Hublet, C., Paternot, J., et al. (1997) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(96)00126-1 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Yeterian (1998) · doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19980928)399:3
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Pessoa, L., & Adolphs, R. (2010) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2920 · Cited by 1,794 · see citing works
Spatial Neglect and Attention Networks
Corbetta, M., & Shulman, G. L. (2011) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-061010-113731 · Cited by 1,318 · see citing works
Non-spatially lateralized mechanisms in hemispatial neglect
Husain, M., & Rorden, C. (2003) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn1005 · Cited by 536 · see citing works
Self-citationCerebral hierarchies: predictive processing, precision and the pulvinar
Kanai, R., Komura, Y., Shipp, S., & Friston, K. (2015) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2014.0169 · Cited by 432 · see citing works
The brain circuitry of attention
Shipp, S. (2004) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2004.03.004 · Cited by 402 · see citing works
Consciousness in humans and non-human animals: recent advances and future directions
Boly, M., Seth, A. K., Wilke, M., Ingmundson, P., Baars, B., Laureys, S., Edelman, D. B., & Tsuchiya, N. (2013) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00625 · Cited by 291 · see citing works
Structural brain change in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder identified by meta-analysis
Ellison-Wright, I., Ellison-Wright, Z., & Bullmore, E. (2008) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-8-51 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
Gating and control of primary visual cortex by pulvinar
Purushothaman, G., Marion, R., Li, K., & Casagrande, V. A. (2012) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.3106 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Responses of pulvinar neurons reflect a subject's confidence in visual categorization
Komura, Y., Nikkuni, A., Hirashima, N., Uetake, T., & Miyamoto, A. (2013) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.3393 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Functional Imaging of the Human Lateral Geniculate Nucleus and Pulvinar
Kastner, S., O'Connor, D. H., Fukui, M. M., Fehd, H. M., Herwig, U., & Pinsk, M. A. (2004) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00553.2003 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Bellgrove, M. A., Hawi, Z., Kirley, A., Gill, M., & Robertson, I. H. (2005) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2005.03.011 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Sex-related differences in amygdala functional connectivity during resting conditions
Kilpatrick, L. A., Zald, D. H., Pardo, J. V., & Cahill, L. F. (2006) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.09.065 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Gain control in the visual thalamus during perception and cognition
Saalmann, Y. B., & Kastner, S. (2009) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2009.05.007 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Thalamic contributions to the state and contents of consciousness
Whyte, C. J., Redinbaugh, M. J., Shine, J. M., & Saalmann, Y. B. (2024) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2024.04.019 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Functional connectivity and neurological recovery
Corbetta, M. (2012) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.20507 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Merker, B. (2013) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00501 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Dendritic integration theory: A thalamo-cortical theory of state and content of consciousness
Bachmann, T., Suzuki, M., & Aru, J. (2020) · Philosophy and the Mind Sciences · doi:10.33735/phimisci.2020.ii.52 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
The role of the pulvinar in distractor processing and visual search
Strumpf, H., Mangun, G. R., Boehler, C. N., Stoppel, C., Schoenfeld, M. A., Heinze, H., & Hopf, J. (2013) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.21496 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Generative models for active vision
Parr, T., Sajid, N., Da Costa, L., Mirza, M. B., & Friston, K. J. (2021) · Frontiers in Neurorobotics · doi:10.3389/fnbot.2021.651432 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Active Inference, Novelty and Neglect
Parr, T., & Friston, K. J. (2018) · Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2018_61 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
- Authors
- Karnath, H., Himmelbach, M., & Rorden, C.
- Affiliations
- University of Tübingen (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Karnath, Hans‐Otto
- Venue
- Brain
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2002-02-01
- Volume
- 125
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 350-360
- ISSN
- 0006-8950 (ISSN-L)
- 1460-2156
- OpenAlex
- W2170181995
- Cited by
- 476
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 27 · 2012: 25
- FWCI
- 11.52
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Brain (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Spatial Neglect and Hemispheric Dysfunction
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Vestibular and auditory disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Hemispheric Asymmetry in Neuroscience
- Keywords
- hemispatial neglect, putamen, caudate nucleus, pulvinar, basal ganglia, thalamus, superior temporal gyrus, right hemisphere damage, subcortical lesions, anatomical correlates
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Caudate Nucleus, Female, Humans, Functional Laterality, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Middle Aged, Neuropsychological Tests, Perceptual Disorders, Putamen, Spatial Behavior, Tomography, X-Ray Computed, Stroke, Pulvinar
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
