The DOI matches its Crossref record; 87 of the 91 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Out-of-body experience and autoscopy of neurological origin
Open accessAbstract
During an out-of-body experience (OBE), the experient seems to be awake and to see his body and the world from a location outside the physical body. A closely related experience is autoscopy (AS), which is characterized by the experience of seeing one's body in extrapersonal space. Yet, despite great public interest and many case studies, systematic neurological studies of OBE and AS are extremely rare and, to date, no testable neuroscientific theory exists. The present study describes phenomenological, neuropsychological and neuroimaging correlates of OBE and AS in six neurological patients. We provide neurological evidence that both experiences share important central mechanisms. We show that OBE and AS are frequently associated with pathological sensations of position, movement and perceived completeness of one's own body. These include vestibular sensations (such as floating, flying, elevation and rotation), visual body-part illusions (such as the illusory shortening, transformation or movement of an extremity) and the experience of seeing one's body only partially during an OBE or AS. We also find that the patient's body position prior to the experience influences OBE and AS. Finally, in five patients, brain damage or brain dysfunction is localized to the temporo-parietal junction (TPJ). These results suggest that the complex experiences of OBE and AS represent paroxysmal disorders of body perception and cognition (or body schema). The processes of body perception and cognition, and the unconscious creation of central representation(s) of one's own body based on proprioceptive, tactile, visual and vestibular information-as well as their integration with sensory information of extrapersonal space-is a prerequisite for rapid and effective action with our surroundings. Based on our findings, we speculate that ambiguous input from these different sensory systems is an important mechanism of OBE and AS, and thus the intriguing experience of seeing one's body in a position that does not coincide with its felt position. We suggest that OBE and AS are related to a failure to integrate proprioceptive, tactile and visual information with respect to one's own body (disintegration in personal space) and by a vestibular dysfunction leading to an additional disintegration between personal (vestibular) space and extrapersonal (visual) space. We argue that both disintegrations (personal; personal-extrapersonal) are necessary for the occurrence of OBE and AS, and that they are due to a paroxysmal cerebral dysfunction of the TPJ in a state of partially and briefly impaired consciousness.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The figure shows results of a mean lesion overlap analysis in five patients with OBEs.The analysis centers on the TPJ.”
From Empirical perspectives from the self-model theory of subjectivity: a brief summary with examples (2007) · cites this paper as Blanke et al., 2004
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Because this conscious body model is phenomenally transparent because it cannot introspectively be recognized as a model, we fully identify with its representational content and are consciously present as bodily selves (self-identification) [6,7,23,24].”
From Full-body illusions and minimal phenomenal selfhood (2009) · cites this paper as [23]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Out-of-body experiences are associated with a sense of disembodiment and people always self-identify with the illusory body as represented.”
From Full-body illusions and minimal phenomenal selfhood (2009) · cites this paper as [23]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Self-identification either refers to the illusory body as represented, the physical body as represented or to both in alternation [23,27,49] (Box 2).”
From Full-body illusions and minimal phenomenal selfhood (2009) · cites this paper as [23]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Moreover, self-location and weak 1PP might change their experienced position (between the position of the illusory and the physical body as represented) and this can occur in rapid alternation.”
From Full-body illusions and minimal phenomenal selfhood (2009) · cites this paper as [23]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Other patients can describe an auditory weak 1PP that is spatially distinct from their simultaneously present visual weak 1PP [23].”
From Full-body illusions and minimal phenomenal selfhood (2009) · cites this paper as [23]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“During autoscopic hallucinations, the person sees a second illusory own body from the habitual weak 1PP with normal self-location (at the physical body as represented).”
From Full-body illusions and minimal phenomenal selfhood (2009) · cites this paper as [23]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“This is compatible with clinical data [23,38,51,58] in which both types of dissociations have been observed in patients with heautoscopy or out-of-body experiences (i.e. a patient [51] experienced the visual weak 1PP at the position of his body, but self-location 2 m behind his body as represented).”
From Full-body illusions and minimal phenomenal selfhood (2009) · cites this paper as [23]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Disembodied self location, on the other hand, has been linked to lesion or seizure involving the temporo‐parietal junction (Blanke et al., 2004), or the posterior insula (Heydrich & Blanke, 2013).”
From Neural bases of the bodily self as revealed by electrical brain stimulation: A systematic review (2023) · cites this paper as Blanke et al., 2004
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The blue dots show the locus of electrical cortical stimulation in the patient in whom an OBE-like phenomenal state was artificially induced.”
From Empirical perspectives from the self-model theory of subjectivity: a brief summary with examples (2007) · cites this paper as Blanke et al., 2004
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“It is this bodily self or MPS which is altered and abnormal during out-of-body experiences [23-25], heautoscopy (see Box 2) [15,26,27] and experimentally manipulated during the full-body illusion [13,28].”
From Full-body illusions and minimal phenomenal selfhood (2009) · cites this paper as [23]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Heautoscopy is highly realistic and the person has most often no insight into the illusory character of the phenomenon.”
From Full-body illusions and minimal phenomenal selfhood (2009) · cites this paper as [23]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“All three MPS dimensions (self-identification, self-location, weak 1PP) are normal.”
From Full-body illusions and minimal phenomenal selfhood (2009) · cites this paper as [23]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“MPS breaks down in neurological patients with illusory global own body perceptions, called autoscopic phenomena [23,27,37,47-49], that are characterized by seeing a second own body in extracorporeal space: autoscopic hallucination, heautoscopy, and out-of-body experience (Figure 1) (Box 2).”
From Full-body illusions and minimal phenomenal selfhood (2009) · cites this paper as [23]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The position of self-location and weak 1PP can also differ [23].”
From Full-body illusions and minimal phenomenal selfhood (2009) · cites this paper as [23]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Heautoscopy is often associated with the sensation of 'being split in two selves' [23].”
From Full-body illusions and minimal phenomenal selfhood (2009) · cites this paper as [23]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Self-identification either refers to the illusory body as represented, the physical body as represented or to both.”
From Full-body illusions and minimal phenomenal selfhood (2009) · cites this paper as [23]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“This is the case in patients with heautoscopy who claim to jump back and forth between two spatially distinct points of view [23,50].”
From Full-body illusions and minimal phenomenal selfhood (2009) · cites this paper as [23]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Out-of-body experiences are highly realistic, and most often there is no insight into the illusory character of the phenomenon [23].”
From Full-body illusions and minimal phenomenal selfhood (2009) · cites this paper as [23]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Heautoscopy is an intermediate form and self-location and the origin of the weak 1PP are either at the position of the physical body as represented or at the position of the illusory body as represented or at both positions.”
From Full-body illusions and minimal phenomenal selfhood (2009) · cites this paper as [23]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“autoscopic phenomena indicate that conscious experience can also be characterized by the absence of a unitary visual weak 1PP, or by two simultaneous or rapidly alternating visual weak 1PPs.”
From Full-body illusions and minimal phenomenal selfhood (2009) · cites this paper as [23]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“During an out-of-body experience, self-location and the weak 1PP are at the position of the illusory body as represented (at a position that is most often elevated with respect to the position of the physical body as represented).”
From Full-body illusions and minimal phenomenal selfhood (2009) · cites this paper as [23]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The patient has the impression to see the environment from the physical body as represented in the case of autoscopic hallucination, from the illusory body as represented in the case of out-of-body experience and alternatively or simultaneously from the physical and the illusory body as represented in the case of heautoscopy (after [23]).”
From Full-body illusions and minimal phenomenal selfhood (2009) · cites this paper as [23]
In the citing paper
“Although these neurological observations suggest that certain brain regions might be responsible for generating the habitual experience of being located within one's body and of owning it, they tell us little about the underlying processes.”
From If I were you: Perceptual illusion of body swapping (2008) · cites this paper as [15]
In the citing paper
“Similarly, damage to, or abnormal physiology of, frontal, parietal and temporal regions can be associated with feelings of being outside the body [15], [16].”
From If I were you: Perceptual illusion of body swapping (2008) · cites this paper as [15]
In the citing paper
“Lesions or seizures in the TPJ may alter the experience of self-location, such as during what are often called out-of-body experiences.”
From Bodily ownership and self-location: Components of bodily self-consciousness (2013) · cites this paper as Blanke et al., 2004
In the citing paper
“Another striking clinical example of dissociation between self-location and ownership is heautoscopy, during which patients experience seeing a double of themselves in the extrapersonal space (Blanke et al., 2004;Blanke & Mohr, 2005;Brugger, Blanke, Regard, Bradford, & Landis, 2006;Brugger, Regard, & Landis, 1997).”
From Bodily ownership and self-location: Components of bodily self-consciousness (2013) · cites this paper as Blanke et al., 2004
In the citing paper
“As reported by many of these patients this elevated location is not represented as embodied in a person's body and patients report not perceiving or having reduced perception of somatosensory cues from their body.”
From First person experience of body transfer in virtual reality (2010) · cites this paper as [34]
In the citing paper
“The spatial coordinates of this viewpoint transformation were chosen based such transformations in neurological patients with out-of-body experiences [33], [34].”
From First person experience of body transfer in virtual reality (2010) · cites this paper as [34]
In the citing paper
“These clinical data suggest that remapping of self-location and first-person perspective from the physical body position to an elevated and distanced position and firstperson perspective in extrapersonal space at the TPJ is based on a double disintegration of bodily signals, including disintegration between visual and vestibular signals.”
From Multisensory mechanisms in temporo-parietal cortex support self-location and first-person perspective (2011) · cites this paper as Blanke et al., 2004
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Surgical treatment of the epilepsies
Engel, J. (1993) · Raven Press eBooks · Cited by 1,778
Critchley, M. (1966) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,416
Knowing Where and Getting There: A Human Navigation Network
Maguire, E. A., Burgess, N., Donnett, J. G., Frackowiak, R. S. J., Frith, C. D., & O'Keefe, J. (1998) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.280.5365.921 · Cited by 1,303
The Image and Appearance of the Human Body
Schilder, P. (2013) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315010410 · Cited by 1,126
The perception of phantom limbs. The D. O. Hebb lecture
Ramachandran, V. (1998) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/121.9.1603 · Cited by 1,100
Calvert, G. A., Campbell, R., & Brammer, M. J. (2000) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/s0960-9822(00)00513-3 · Cited by 954
Phantom limbs and the concept of a neuromatrix
Melzack, R. (1990) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/0166-2236(90)90179-e · Cited by 808
Stimulating illusory own-body perceptions
Blanke, O., Ortigue, S., Landis, T., & Seeck, M. (2002) · Nature · doi:10.1038/419269a · Cited by 802
Self-citationProprioceptive Illusions Induced by Muscle Vibration: Contribution by Muscle Spindles to Perception?
Goodwin, G. M., McCloskey, D. I., & Matthews, P. B. C. (1972) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.175.4028.1382 · Cited by 683
Neural correlates of the first-person-perspective
Vogeley, K., & Fink, G. R. (2003) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(02)00003-7 · Cited by 611
Research works printed but not linked: 19
- Blackmore SJ. Where am I? Perspectives in imagery and the out‐of‐body experience. J Ment Imagery1987; 11: 53–66.
- Conrad K. über ein eigenartiges Spiegelphäntom. Heautoskopisches Phänomen als Dauerzustand bei Hypophysentumor. Nervenarzt1953; 24: 265–70.
- Cook AM, Irwin HJ. Visuo‐spatial skills and the out‐of‐body experience. J Parapsychol1983; 47: 23–35.
- Crookall R. More astral projections. Analyses of case histories. London: Aquarian Press; 1964.
- Du Prel C. Der Doppelgänger. Sphinx (Monatsschrift der übersinnlichen Weltanschauung) 1886; 2: 86–96.
- Ehrenwald H. Anosognosie und Depersonalization. Nervenarzt 1931; 4: 681–8.
- Féré C. Note sur les hallucinations autoscopiques ou spéculaires et sur les hallucinations altruistes. C R Séanc Soc Biol 1891; 3: 451–53.
- Genner T. Das Sehen des eigenen Spiegelbildes als epileptisches Aequivalent. Wien klin Wschr1947; 59: 656–8.
- Green CE. Out‐of‐body experiences. Oxford: Institute of Psychophysical Research; 1968.
- Irwin HJ. Correspondence. J Soc Psychol Res1981; 51: 118–20.
- Irwin HJ. Perceptual perspective of visual imagery in OBEs, dreams and reminiscence. J Soc Psych Res1986; 53: 210–17.
- Kotogal P. Seizure symptomatology in temporal lobe epilepsy. In: Lüders HO, editor. Epilepsy surgery. New York: Raven Press; 1993. p. 143–56.
- Leischner A. Die autoskopischen Halluzinationen (Héautoscopie). Fortschr Neurol Psychiat 1961; 29: 550–85.
- Menninger‐Lerchenthal E. Das Truggebilde der eigenen Gestalt. Berlin: Karger; 1935.
- Menninger‐Lerchenthal E. Heautoskopie. Wien Med Wochensch 1961; 111: 745–56.
- Naudascher MG. Trois cas d’hallucinations spéculaires. Ann Médico‐Psychol1910; 68: 284–96.
- Palmer J. The out‐of‐body experience: A psychological theory. Parapsychol Rev1978; 9: 19–22.
- Sheils D. A cross‐cultural study of beliefs in out‐of‐the‐body experiences, waking and sleeping. J Soc Psychol Res1978; 49: 697–741.
- Sivadon P. Phénomènes autoscopiques au cours de la grippe. Ann Med Psychol1937; 95: 215–20.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–200 of 745
Leaving Body and Life Behind: Out-of-Body and Near-Death Experience
Blanke, O., & Diéguez, S. (2009) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-374168-4.00023-x · Cited by 86
Self-citationThe Neuropsychology of Self-Objectification
Riva, G., Gaudio, S., & Dakanalis, A. (2014) · European Psychologist · doi:10.1027/1016-9040/a000190 · Cited by 89
Lenggenhager, B., Halje, P., & Blanke, O. (2011) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2011.07647.x · Cited by 84
Self-citationMulti-sensory and sensorimotor foundation of bodily self-consciousness—an interdisciplinary approach
Ionta, S., Gassert, R., & Blanke, O. (2011) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00383 · Cited by 84
Self-citationCheyne, J. A., & Girard, T. A. (2007) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2007.01.002 · Cited by 85
Temporality of Features in Near-Death Experience Narratives
Martial, C., Cassol, H., Antonopoulos, G., Charlier, T., Heros, J., Donneau, A., Charland‐Verville, V., & Laureys, S. (2017) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2017.00311 · Cited by 82
Attachment and Pain Outcomes in Adolescents: The Mediating Role of Pain Catastrophizing and Anxiety
Tremblay, I., & Sullivan, M. J. L. (2009) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2009.06.015 · Cited by 83
A neuroscientific account of how vestibular disorders impair bodily self-consciousness
Lopez, C. (2013) · Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnint.2013.00091 · Cited by 95
Ganesh, S., van Schie, H. T., de Lange, F. P., Thompson, E. T., & Wigboldus, D. H. J. (2011) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhr227 · Cited by 79
Noel, J., Blanke, O., & Serino, A. (2018) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.13867 · Cited by 80
Self-citationThe limits of agency in walking humans
Kannape, O. A., Schwabe, L., Tadi, T., & Blanke, O. (2010) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.02.005 · Cited by 80
Self-citationA review on research and evaluation methods for investigating self-transcendence
Kitson, A., Chirico, A., Gaggioli, A., & Riecke, B. E. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.547687 · Cited by 76
Britton, Z., & Arshad, Q. (2019) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2019.00063 · Cited by 79
Distorting the visual size of the hand affects hand pre-shaping during grasping
Marino, B. F. M., Stucchi, N. A., Nava, E., Haggard, P., & Maravita, A. (2009) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-009-2143-4 · Cited by 69
Out-of-body experience in vestibular disorders – A prospective study of 210 patients with dizziness
Lopez, C., & Elzière, M. (2017) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2017.05.026 · Cited by 81
Intrinsic network connectivity and own body perception in gender dysphoria
Feusner, J. D., Lidström, A., Moody, T. D., Dhejne, C., Bookheimer, S. Y., & Savic, I. (2016) · Brain Imaging and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11682-016-9578-6 · Cited by 76
Tordjman, S., Celume, M.-P., Denis, L., Motillon, T., & Keromnes, G. (2019) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.04.007 · Cited by 81
Near-death experiences in cardiac arrest survivors
French, C. C. (2005) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(05)50025-6 · Cited by 71
Lenggenhager, B., Smith, S., & Blanke, O. (2006) · Reviews in the Neurosciences · doi:10.1515/revneuro.2006.17.6.643 · Cited by 70
Self-citationCrescentini, C., Bucchianico, M. D., Fabbro, F., & Urgesi, C. (2015) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.02.016 · Cited by 68
Adaptive body schema for robotic tool-use
Nabeshima, C., Kuniyoshi, Y., & Lungarella, M. (2006) · Advanced Robotics · doi:10.1163/156855306778522550 · Cited by 67
Salomon, R., Lim, M., Herbelin, B., Hesselmann, G., & Blanke, O. (2013) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/13.7.2 · Cited by 75
Self-citationTieri, G., Gioia, A., Scandola, M., Pavone, E. F., & Aglioti, S. M. (2017) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.13545 · Cited by 66
Polyopic heautoscopy: Case report and review of the literature
Brugger, P., Blanke, O., Regard, M., Bradford, D. T., & Landis, T. (2006) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/s0010-9452(08)70403-9 · Cited by 67
Self-citationPain Response in Depersonalization: A Functional Imaging Study Using Hypnosis in Healthy Subjects
Röder, C. H., Michal, M., Overbeck, G., van de Ven, V. G., & Linden, D. E. J. (2007) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000097970 · Cited by 82
Phenomenology of hallucinations, illusions, and delusions as part of seizure semiology
Kasper, B. S., Kasper, E. M., Pauli, E., & Stefan, H. (2010) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2010.03.006 · Cited by 66
Braithwaite, J. J., Samson, D., Apperly, I. A., Broglia, E., & Hulleman, J. (2010) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2010.05.002 · Cited by 66
Out of body experiences and their neural basis
Blanke, O. (2004) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.329.7480.1414 · Cited by 65
Self-citationDistorted Body Representations in Healthy Cognition
Longo, M. R. (2016) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17470218.2016.1143956 · Cited by 65
The awareness of body orientation modulates the perception of visual vertical
Barra, J., Pérennou, D. A., Thilo, K. V., Gresty, M. A., & Bronstein, A. M. (2012) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.06.021 · Cited by 62
Personal neglect—A disorder of body representation?
Baas, U., de Haan, B., Grässli, T., Karnath, H., Müri, R. M., Perrig, W. J., Wurtz, P., & Gutbrod, K. (2011) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.01.043 · Cited by 62
Autoscopic phenomena: case report and review of literature
Anzellotti, F., Onofrj, V., Maruotti, V., Ricciardi, L., Franciotti, R., Bonanni, L., Thomas, A., & ONOFRJ, M. C. (2011) · Behavioral and Brain Functions · doi:10.1186/1744-9081-7-2 · Cited by 62
Mentalizing the body: spatial and social cognition in anosognosia for hemiplegia
Besharati, S. N., Forkel, S. J., Kopelman, M. D., Solms, M., Jenkinson, P. M., & Fotopoulou, A. (2016) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awv390 · Cited by 60
Mohan, A., & Vanneste, S. (2017) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.03.010 · Cited by 62
Thirioux, B., Jorland, G., Bret, M., Tramus, M.-H., & Berthoz, A. (2009) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2009.02.006 · Cited by 65
The incidence and determinants of visual phenomenology during out-of-body experiences
Terhune, D. B. (2008) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2007.06.007 · Cited by 60
Legrand, D., Brozzoli, C., Rossetti, Y., & Farnè, A. (2007) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2007.06.003 · Cited by 60
Caudate Nucleus Signals for Breaches of Expectation in a Movement Observation Paradigm
Schiffer, A., & Schubotz, R. I. (2011) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2011.00038 · Cited by 62
Mindfulness meditation and consciousness: An integrative neuroscientific perspective
Manuello, J., Vercelli, U., Nani, A., Costa, T., & Cauda, F. (2016) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2015.12.005 · Cited by 66
Perceptual aberrations impair mental own-body transformations.
Möhr, C., Blanke, O., & Brugger, P. (2006) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/0735-7044.120.3.528 · Cited by 59
Self-citationSchubotz, R. I., Wurm, M. F., Wittmann, M. K., & von Cramon, D. Y. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00636 · Cited by 61
van Elk, M., Lenggenhager, B., Heydrich, L., & Blanke, O. (2014) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2014.03.004 · Cited by 53
Self-citationArzy, S., Möhr, C., Michel, C. M., & Blanke, O. (2007) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.11.027 · Cited by 62
Self-citationOut-of-body experience and arousal
Nelson, K. R., Mattingly, M., & Schmitt, F. A. (2007) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000256784.85952.6f · Cited by 58
Ketamine as a primary predictor of out-of-body experiences associated with multiple substance use
Wilkins, L. K., Girard, T. A., & Cheyne, J. A. (2011) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2011.01.005 · Cited by 56
Cazzato, V., Mian, E., Serino, A., Mele, S., & Urgesi, C. (2014) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-014-0312-9 · Cited by 56
A putative implication for fronto-parietal connectivity in out-of-body experiences
Easton, S., Blanke, O., & Möhr, C. (2008) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2007.07.012 · Cited by 55
Self-citationBehavioral and Neural Correlates of Communication via Pointing
de Langavant, L. C., Rémy, P., Trinkler, I., McIntyre, J., Emmanuel Dupoux, A., Berthoz, A., & Bachoud‐Lévi, A. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0017719 · Cited by 54
Bréchet, L., Grivaz, P., Gauthier, B., & Blanke, O. (2018) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00270 · Cited by 59
Self-citationAlexithymia and regional gray matter alterations in schizophrenia
Kubota, M., Miyata, J., Hirao, K., Fujiwara, H., Kawada, R., Fujimoto, S., Tanaka, Y. Z., Sasamoto, A., Sawamoto, N., Fukuyama, H., et al. (2011) · Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1016/j.neures.2011.01.019 · Cited by 53
Palmieri, A., Calvo, V., Kleinbub, J. R., Meconi, F., Marangoni, M., Barilaro, P., Broggio, A., Sambin, M., & Sessa, P. (2014) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00429 · Cited by 52
Illusory own body perceptions: Case reports and relevance for bodily self-consciousness
Heydrich, L., Diéguez, S., Grünwald, T., Seeck, M., & Blanke, O. (2010) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2010.04.010 · Cited by 52
Self-citationAbnormal self-location and vestibular vertigo in a patient with right frontal lobe epilepsy
Christophe Lopez, A., Heydrich, L., Seeck, M., & Blanke, O. (2010) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2009.12.016 · Cited by 52
Self-citationSeeing the phantom: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study of a supernumerary phantom limb
Khateb, A., Simon, S. R., Diéguez, S., Lazeyras, F., Momjian‐Mayor, I., Blanke, O., Landis, T., Pegna, A. J., & Annoni, J. (2009) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.21647 · Cited by 51
Self-citationNoreika, V., Windt, J., Lenggenhager, B., & Karim, A. A. (2010) · International journal of dream research · doi:10.11588/ijodr.2010.1.586 · Cited by 55
Thirioux, B., Mercier, M. R., Jorland, G., Berthoz, A., & Blanke, O. (2010) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3403-09.2010 · Cited by 55
Self-citationBreathing and sense of self: Visuo–respiratory conflicts alter body self-consciousness
Adler, D., Herbelin, B., Similowski, T., & Blanke, O. (2014) · Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.resp.2014.08.003 · Cited by 54
Self-citationUniversally manipulable body models—dual quaternion representations in layered and dynamic MMCs
Schilling, M. (2011) · Autonomous Robots · doi:10.1007/s10514-011-9226-3 · Cited by 51
Bouchard, S., Dumoulin, S., Talbot, J. D., Ledoux, A., Phillips, J. L., Monthuy‐Blanc, J., Labonté-Chartrand, G., Robillard, G., Cantamesse, M., & Renaud, P. (2012) · Interacting with Computers · doi:10.1016/j.intcom.2012.04.011 · Cited by 50
Fleck, J. I., Green, D. L., Stevenson, J. L., PAYNE, L., Bowden, E. M., JUNGBEEMAN, M., & Kounios, J. (2008) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2007.08.024 · Cited by 50
Visual consciousness and bodily self-consciousness
Faivre, N., Salomon, R., & Blanke, O. (2015) · Current Opinion in Neurology · doi:10.1097/wco.0000000000000160 · Cited by 50
Self-citationBolognini, N., Convento, S., Rossetti, A., & Merabet, L. B. (2012) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.12.006 · Cited by 50
Thakkar, K. N., Brugger, P., & Park, S. (2009) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0005864 · Cited by 49
Wible, C. G., Preus, A. P., & Hashimoto, R. (2008) · Brain Imaging and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11682-008-9052-1 · Cited by 50
Perceptual and Conceptual Distortions of Implicit Hand Maps
Longo, M. R., Mattioni, S., & Ganea, N. (2015) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2015.00656 · Cited by 49
Making Sense of the Body: the Role of Vestibular Signals
Lopez, C. (2015) · Multisensory Research · doi:10.1163/22134808-00002490 · Cited by 54
Vestibular Function and Depersonalization/Derealization Symptoms
Jáuregui‐Renaud, K. (2015) · Multisensory Research · doi:10.1163/22134808-00002480 · Cited by 48
Changing perspective: The role of vestibular signals
Deroualle, D., Borel, L., Devèze, A., & Lopez, C. (2015) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.08.022 · Cited by 51
A Functionally Relevant Tool for the Body following Spinal Cord Injury
Pazzaglia, M., Galli, G., Scivoletto, G., & Molinari, M. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0058312 · Cited by 51
Hunt, H. T. (2007) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/1089-2680.11.3.209 · Cited by 50
Binding body and self in visuo‐vestibular conflicts
Macauda, G., Bertolini, G., Palla, A., Straumann, D., Brugger, P., & Lenggenhager, B. (2014) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.12809 · Cited by 51
Impaired mental rotation in benign paroxysmal positional vertigo and acute vestibular neuritis
Candidi, M., Micarelli, A., Viziano, A., Aglioti, S. M., Minio-Paluello, I., & Alessandrini, M. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00783 · Cited by 47
Levine, M., Brooks, D. E., Truitt, C. A., Wolk, B., Boyer, E. W., & Ruha, A. (2011) · CHEST Journal · doi:10.1378/chest.10-2548 · Cited by 47
Blanke, O., Ionta, S., Fornari, E., Möhr, C., & Maeder, P. P. (2010) · Brain Topography · doi:10.1007/s10548-010-0138-x · Cited by 47
Self-citationNeural bases of the bodily self as revealed by electrical brain stimulation: A systematic review
Dary, Z., Lenggenhager, B., Lagarde, S., Medina Villalon, S., Bartolomei, F., & Lopez, C. (2023) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.26253 · Cited by 48
“Disembodied self location, on the other hand, has been linked to lesion or seizure involving the temporo-parietal junction (Blanke et al., 2004), or the posterior insula (Heydrich & Blanke, 2013).”
BackgroundThe Neurology of Death and the Dying Brain: A Pictorial Essay
Kondziella, D. (2020) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2020.00736 · Cited by 49
Voluntary Out-of-Body Experience: An fMRI Study
Smith, A., & Messier, C. (2014) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00070 · Cited by 55
The bodily self: Insights from clinical and experimental research
Diéguez, S., & Lopez, C. (2016) · Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.rehab.2016.04.007 · Cited by 50
Abraham, A., Werning, M., Hannes Rakoczy, B., von Cramon, D. Y., & Schubotz, R. I. (2008) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2008.03.011 · Cited by 45
Wawrzyniak, M., Klingbeil, J., Zeller, D., Saur, D., & Claßen, J. (2017) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.11.011 · Cited by 45
Full-body ownership illusion elicited by visuo-vestibular integration.
Preuss, N., & Ehrsson, H. H. (2018) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/xhp0000597 · Cited by 44
Posterior parietal rTMS disrupts human Path Integration during a vestibular navigation task
Seemungal, B. M., Rizzo, V., Gresty, M. A., Rothwell, J. C., & Bronstein, A. M. (2008) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2008.03.067 · Cited by 44
The bilocated mind: New perspectives on self-localization and self-identification
Furlanetto, T., Bertone, C., & Becchio, C. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00071 · Cited by 43
Cognitive, Systems, and Computational Neurosciences of the Self in Motion
Noel, J., & Angelaki, D. E. (2021) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-021021-103038 · Cited by 43
Taking someone else’s spatial perspective: Natural stance or effortful decentring?
Arnold, G., Spence, C. J., & Auvray, M. (2015) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2015.12.006 · Cited by 43
Processing of Human Body Odors
Parma, V., Gordon, A. R., Cecchetto, C., Cavazzana, A., Lundström, J. N., & Olsson, M. J. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-26932-0_51 · Cited by 43
Murray, C. D., & Fox, J. (2005) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1348/000712605x49169 · Cited by 43
Seizure Semiology: An Overview of the ‘Inverse Problem’
Rossetti, A. O., & Kaplan, P. W. (2009) · European Neurology · doi:10.1159/000258634 · Cited by 43
Olivé, I., Densmore, M., Harricharan, S., Théberge, J., McKinnon, M. C., & Lanius, R. A. (2017) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.23865 · Cited by 42
Rice, H. J. (2010) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781444328202.ch10 · Cited by 43
Visuo-tactile Integration in Personal Space
Longo, M. R., Musil, J. J., & Haggard, P. (2011) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00158 · Cited by 41
In the presence of others: Self-location, balance control and vestibular processing
Lopez, C., Falconer, C. J., Deroualle, D., & Mast, F. W. (2015) · Neurophysiologie Clinique · doi:10.1016/j.neucli.2015.09.001 · Cited by 44
The vestibular body: Vestibular contributions to bodily representations
Ferrè, E. R., & Haggard, P. (2016) · Cognitive Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/02643294.2016.1168390 · Cited by 45
The vestibular component in out-of-body experiences: a computational approach
Schwabe, L. (2008) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/neuro.09.017.2008 · Cited by 39
Fiori, F., David, N., & Aglioti, S. M. (2014) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00734 · Cited by 40
Rabeyron, T., & Loose, T. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01926 · Cited by 50
Cowie, D. A., McKenna, A., Bremner, A. J., & Aspell, J. E. (2017) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.12557 · Cited by 47
Graham-Schmidt, K., Martin-Iverson, M. T., Holmes, N. P., & Waters, F. (2014) · Attention Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/s13414-014-0748-6 · Cited by 40
Orientation and disorientation: Lessons from patients with epilepsy
Peer, M., Lyon, R., & Arzy, S. (2014) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2014.09.055 · Cited by 39
Metadata
- Authors
- Blanke, O., Landis, T., Spinelli, L., & Seeck, M.
- Affiliations
- University Hospital of Geneva (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Blanke, Olaf
- Venue
- Brain
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2004-02
- Volume
- 127
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 243-258
- ISSN
- 0006-8950 (ISSN-L)
- 1460-2156
- OpenAlex
- W2099202374
- Cited by
- 747
- References
- 91
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 35 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 41 · 2018: 31 · 2017: 40 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 37 · 2014: 43 · 2013: 35 · 2012: 25
- FWCI
- 48.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Brain (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne) (submittedVersion)
- Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (67105, 65323, 68105)
- Fondation Leenaards
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Hallucinations in medical conditions
- Keywords
- out-of-body experiences, autoscopy, temporoparietal junction, body perception, body schema, vestibular illusions, extrapersonal space, proprioception, neurological patients, sensory integration
- MeSH terms
- Body Image, Depersonalization, Electric Stimulation, Electroencephalography, Female, Hallucinations, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Psychophysiology, Space Perception, Epilepsy, Complex Partial
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
