CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 84Virtual Reality Applications and ImpactsMultisensory perception and integrationFree Will and Agency

Multi-sensory and sensorimotor foundation of bodily self-consciousness—an interdisciplinary approach

Open access
Ionta, Silvio, Gassert, Roger, Blanke, Olaf·2011·Frontiers in Psychology
DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00383PMC PMC3245631
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

Scientific investigations on the nature of the self have so far focused on high-level mechanisms. Recent evidence, however, suggests that low-level bottom-up mechanisms of multi-sensory integration play a fundamental role in encoding specific components of bodily self-consciousness, such as self-location and first-person perspective (Blanke and Metzinger, 2009). Self-location and first-person perspective are abnormal in neurological patients suffering from out-of-body experiences (Blanke et al., 2004), and can be manipulated experimentally in healthy subjects by imposing multi-sensory conflicts (Lenggenhager et al., 2009). Activity of the temporo-parietal junction (TPJ) reflects experimentally induced changes in self-location and first-person perspective (Ionta et al., 2011), and dysfunctions in TPJ are causally associated with out-of-body experiences (Blanke et al., 2002). We argue that TPJ is one of the key areas for multi-sensory integration of bodily self-consciousness, that its levels of activity reflect the experience of the conscious "I" as embodied and localized within bodily space, and that these mechanisms can be systematically investigated using state of the art technologies such as robotics, virtual reality, and non-invasive neuroimaging.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This review argues that low-level multi-sensory and sensorimotor integration, especially at the temporo-parietal junction (TPJ), underpins bodily self-consciousness components such as self-location, first-person perspective, and self-identification. It synthesizes clinical, behavioral, and neuroimaging evidence and proposes robotics, virtual reality, and non-invasive neuroimaging for future work.

Key findings

  • Bodily self-consciousness is linked to multi-sensory integration of visual, tactile, vestibular, somatosensory, motor, and visceral signals; the TPJ is proposed as a key area for integrating bodily information related to self-location and first-person perspective.
  • Out-of-body experiences (OBEs) involve abnormal self-location and first-person perspective; clinical evidence links OBEs to TPJ dysfunction, electrical TPJ stimulation induces OBE-like experiences, and TPJ is activated during mental imagery of “disembodied” self-location.
  • Full-body illusion studies show that synchronous visuo-tactile stimulation can increase self-identification with a virtual body and bias self-location toward it; in Ehrsson (2007), after 2 min of synchronous stroking, participants reported “sitting behind their back” and “looking at themselves from this location,” with higher skin conductance responses during threat to the virtual body than after asynchronous stroking.
  • In the fMRI robotic study by Ionta et al. (2011), TPJ BOLD response was lower in conditions with higher self-location and higher in conditions with lower self-location; self-location effects measured by mental ball dropping differed in opposite directions for “up-group” and “down-group” participants depending on experienced first-person perspective.

Methods

  • Design: narrative/interdisciplinary review of behavioral, brain imaging, and clinical evidence on bodily self-consciousness.
  • Data or sample: no primary sample or new empirical data are reported; the paper reviews studies in healthy participants and neurological patients, including OBE cases.
  • Main analysis: qualitative synthesis of cited experiments and clinical findings, with no formal systematic review, meta-analysis, or statistical pooling described.

Limitations

  • The paper states that generalization of OBE results is difficult because of methodological issues such as sample size, lesion homogeneity, different etiologies and/or phenomenology, and generalization to the normal brain.
  • The paper states that more work is needed to investigate how conscious-perceptual, cognitive, and conceptual mechanisms of the self interrelate behaviorally and neurally at the TPJ and beyond; it also notes that the exact role of TPJ in spatial attention remains controversial and that more systematic work is needed on possible prism-adaptation-like post-effects.
  • Evident from the text: as a narrative review, it does not provide new experimental data, and no systematic search strategy or formal quality assessment is reported.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00383

Cites

112 of 117 references verified5 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 106 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingcitation

    Behavioral results showed that response times in the mental ball dropping task were significantly different between the up-group and the down-group.

    “Extending the difference in experienced direction of the first-person perspective between both groups (as indicated by subjective reports), behavioral results showed that RTs in the MBD task were significantly different”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Ionta et al., 2011

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Interpretationreasoning

    The mechanisms of multi-sensory integration underlying bodily self-consciousness can be systematically investigated using state of the art technologies such as robotics, virtual reality, and non-invasive neuroimaging.

    “We argue that TPJ is one of the key areas for multi-sensory integration of bodily self-consciousness, that its levels of activity reflect the experience of the conscious “I” as embodied and localized within bodily space, and that these mechanisms can be systematically investigated using state of the art technologies such as robotics, virtual reality, and non-invasive neuroimaging.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Premisecitation

    Low-level bottom-up mechanisms of multi-sensory integration play a fundamental role in encoding specific components of bodily self-consciousness, such as self-location and first-person perspective.

    “Recent evidence, however, suggests that low-level bottom-up mechanisms of multi-sensory integration play a fundamental role in encoding specific components of bodily self-consciousness, such as self-location and first-person perspective (Blanke and Metzinger, 2009).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Blanke and Metzinger, 2009

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Interpretationcitation

    Levels of activity of the temporo-parietal junction reflect the experience of the conscious "I" as embodied and localized within bodily space.

    “We argue that TPJ is one of the key areas for multi-sensory integration of bodily self-consciousness, that its levels of activity reflect the experience of the conscious “I” as embodied and localized within bodily space, and that these mechanisms can be systematically investigated using state of the art technologies such as robotics, virtual reality, and non-invasive neuroimaging.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Premisecitation

    Self-location and first-person perspective are abnormal in neurological patients suffering from out-of-body experiences.

    “Self-location and first-person perspective are abnormal in neurological patients suffering from out-of-body experiences (Blanke et al., 2004), and can be manipulated experimentally in healthy subjects by imposing multi-sensory conflicts (Lenggenhager et al., 2009).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Blanke et al., 2004

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims. 25
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 5

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Clinical studies showed that out-of-body experiences are linked to dysfunctions of the temporo-parietal junction, but also frontal and parietal cortices.

    “Clinical studies showed that OBEs are linked to dysfunctions of the temporo-parietal junction (TPJ; Blanke et al., 2004; Blanke and Mohr, 2005), but also frontal, and parietal cortices (Lopez et al., 2010; Heydrich et al., 2011).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Blanke et al., 2004

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Blanke and Mohr, 2005

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Lopez et al., 2010

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    More global aspects of bodily self-consciousness include self-location, first-person perspective, and self-identification.

    “These studies showed that it is possible to investigate more global aspects of bodily self-consciousness and described several different components thereof, such as self-location, first-person perspective, and self-identification.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The enfacement illusion is elicited when one's own face is touched whilst simultaneously seeing the same action applied to the face of another, inducing an illusory sense of face ownership and incorporation of the other's facial features.

    “For example, the experience of having one’s own face touched whilst simultaneously (the spatial and temporal sense) seeing the same action applied to the face of another, elicits the so-called “enfacement” illusion: that is an illusory sense of face ownership is induced and the other’s facial features are incorporated into the participant’s face (Sforza et al., 2010).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Sforza et al., 2010

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In monkeys, neurons in the temporo-parietal junction discharge during vestibular stimulation, during tactile stimulation of face and trunk, and when a stimulus is in close proximity to the body.

    “In monkeys, neurons in the TPJ discharge during vestibular stimulation, during tactile stimulation of face and trunk, and when a stimulus is in close proximity to the body (Grusser et al., 1990; Duhamel et al., 1998; Bremmer et al., 2002).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Grusser et al., 1990

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Duhamel et al., 1998

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Bremmer et al., 2002

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Patients suffering from out-of-body experiences of neurological origin experience themselves as located outside their own bodily boundaries (abnormal self-location), and report looking at their real body from an elevated perspective in extrapersonal space (abnormal first-person perspective).

    “Patients suffering from out-of-body experiences (OBEs) of neurological origin experience themselves as located outside their own bodily boundaries (abnormal self-location), and report looking at their real body from an elevated perspective in extrapersonal space (abnormal first-person perspective; Irwin, 1985; Blanke et al., 2004; Blanke and Mohr, 2005; De Ridder et al., 2007).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Irwin, 1985

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Blanke et al., 2004

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Blanke and Mohr, 2005

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The right temporo-parietal junction is believed to play a crucial role in the attribution of mental states, and both left and right temporo-parietal junction are recruited when participants are asked to imagine the other's mind.

    “In particular, the right TPJ is believed to play a crucial role in the attribution of mental states (e.g., “she wants to be a teacher”), and both left and right TPJ are recruited when participants are asked to imagine the other’s mind (Saxe and Wexler, 2005).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Saxe and Wexler, 2005

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The temporo-parietal junction plays a central role in processing vestibular information, with a right hemispheric predominance for otolithic inputs and a left hemispheric predominance for inputs from semicircular canals.

    “In addition, the TPJ also plays a central role in processing vestibular information, with a right hemispheric predominance for otolithic inputs and a left hemispheric predominance for inputs from semicircular canals (see Lopez et al., 2008 for review).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Lopez et al., 2008

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In both experiments, participants looked at their own body from an external perspective, and only after synchronous stroking did they report stronger self-identification with the virtual body and changes in self-location biased toward the position of the virtual body.

    “In both experiments participants looked at their own body from an external perspective, and only after synchronous stroking did they report stronger self-identification with the virtual body (Ehrsson, 2007; Lenggenhager et al., 2007), and changes in self-location biased toward the position of the virtual body (Lenggenhager et al., 2007).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Ehrsson, 2007

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Lenggenhager et al., 2007

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Bi- and tri-modal neurons in the temporo-parietal junction likely encode the multi-sensory matching of vestibular, visual, and tactile information for the full-body, similar to visuo-tactile bimodal neurons in the premotor and intraparietal sulcus that are anchored to body parts, including the hand.

    “It is likely that bi- and tri-modal neurons in the TPJ encode the multi-sensory matching of vestibular, visual, and tactile information for the full-body, similar to visuo-tactile bimodal neurons in the premotor and intraparietal sulcus that are anchored to body parts, including the hand (Iriki et al., 1996; Graziano et al., 2000; Maravita and Iriki, 2004).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Iriki et al., 1996

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Graziano et al., 2000

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Maravita and Iriki, 2004

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In Lenggenhager et al. (2007), when the visual and tactile stimulation were synchronous, stronger self-identification with the virtual body and stronger illusory touch were experienced.

    “In particular, subjective reports indicated that when the visual and tactile stimulation were synchronous, stronger self-identification with the virtual body and stronger illusory touch were experienced (Lenggenhager et al., 2007).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Lenggenhager et al., 2007

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Stratton reported progressively increasing changes in self-location and self-identification over the time of exposure, further associated with feelings of "being out-of-body."

    “He reported progressively increasing changes in self-location and self-identification over the time of exposure, further associated with the feelings of “being out-of-body” (Stratton, 1899).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Stratton, 1899

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    The MR environment precludes the use of conventional robotic devices with fMRI, both for safety and compatibility reasons.

    “The MR environment precludes the use of conventional robotic devices with fMRI, both for safety and compatibility reasons.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Robotic systems and virtual reality are the ideal tools to realize standardized stimulation, and can improve control in experimental studies of multi-sensory conflict.

    “Robotic systems and virtual reality are the ideal tools to realize such standardized stimulation, and can therefore improve the control in such experimental studies (Blanke and Gassert, 2009).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Blanke and Gassert, 2009

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisereasoning

    The neural underpinnings of self-location and first-person perspective had not been investigated, probably due to the difficulty of applying the visuo-tactile multi-sensory conflict in a well-controlled and repeatable manner during brain imaging data acquisition.

    “Moreover, even though it has been shown that self-location and first-person perspective could be experimentally studied, the neural underpinnings have not been investigated, probably due to the difficulty of applying the visuo-tactile multi-sensory conflict in a well-controlled and repeatable manner during brain imaging data acquisition.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Self-location and self-identification are strongly influenced by the location of the seen touch, and embodied self-location and the first-person perspective can be transformed to a disembodied or outside-body self-location and third-person perspective as a function of how and where the visuo-tactile stimulation occurs.

    “On that basis it has been proposed that self-location and self-identification are strongly influenced by the location of the seen touch, and that embodied self-location and the first-person perspective can be transformed to a disembodied or outside-body self-location and third-person perspective as a function of how and where the visuo-tactile stimulation occurs (Lenggenhager et al., 2009).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Lenggenhager et al., 2009

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Using a head-mounted display setup where participants see their body filmed from an elevated perspective while walking, participants report experiencing the self as located at the position of the visual perspective and simultaneously at the location of the visually presented body.

    “Using this setup participants report to experience the self as located at the position of the visual perspective and simultaneously at the location of the visually presented body (Mizumoto and Ishikawa, 2005).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Mizumoto and Ishikawa, 2005

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    In Lenggenhager et al. (2009), felt height was lower for the back-stroking condition, suggesting self-location was biased more toward the virtual body below during back-stroking, and more toward the camera above during chest-stroking.

    “Specifically, RT analysis suggested that felt “height” was lower for the back-stroking condition, thus further suggesting that self-location was biased more toward the virtual body (below) during the back-stroking, and more toward the camera (above) during the chest-stroking.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Lenggenhager et al., 2009

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In Lenggenhager et al. (2009), response times in the mental ball dropping task were shorter in the synchronous back-stroking than in the comparable chest-stroking condition, suggesting that felt height was affected.

    “Results of the MBD indicated that RTs were shorter in the synchronous back-stroking than in the comparable chest-stroking condition, suggesting that the felt “height” was affected.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Lenggenhager et al., 2009

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The reviewed visuo-tactile procedures using video and virtual reality techniques to manipulate bodily self-consciousness share several similarities with prism adaptations, and affect the everyday correlation between tactile, visual, and vestibular signals.

    “The reviewed visuo-tactile procedures using video and virtual reality techniques in order to manipulate bodily self-consciousness, share several similarities with such adaptations induced by prisms, and affect the everyday correlation between tactile, visual, and vestibular signals.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In the experimental setups used by Lenggenhager et al. (2009) and Ehrsson (2007), participants saw their own body being stroked synchronously or asynchronously, which induced changes in self-identification and self-location that were further modulated by the synchrony between visual and tactile stimulation.

    “Somewhat comparably in the experimental setup used by Lenggenhager et al. (2009) and Ehrsson (2007) participants saw their own body being stroked synchronously or asynchronously. This induced changes in self-identification and self-location that were further modulated by the synchrony between visual and tactile stimulation.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Lenggenhager et al., 2009

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Ehrsson, 2007

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Improvements in visuo-spatial neglect are reported following exposure to prisms, and extend to other sensory modalities such as touch and hearing.

    “are reported following exposure to prisms (Rode et al., 2006), and further extend to other sensory modalities such as touch (Maravita et al., 2003) and hearing (Jacquin-Courtois et al., 2010).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Rode et al., 2006

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Maravita et al., 2003

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Jacquin-Courtois et al., 2010

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    TPJ activity reflected synchrony-related changes in self-location with respect to the position or level of self-location, and depended differently on the direction of the first-person perspective.

    “Thus, TPJ activity reflected synchrony-related changes in self-location with respect to the position or level of self-location, and further depended differently on the direction of the first-person perspective.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The MBD task validly measures self-location.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductcitation

    By virtue of the computer-controlled robotic device, the spatial and temporal aspects of the visuo-tactile stimulation were precisely controlled during the fMRI sessions within and across participants.

    “By virtue of this computer-controlled robotic device, the spatial and temporal aspects of the visuo-tactile stimulation were precisely controlled during the fMRI sessions within and across participants.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Ionta et al., 2011

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premiseown data

    Confirming pilot testing, it was found that some participants felt as if they were looking up at the virtual body whilst others felt as if they were looking down on their virtual body.

    “Confirming pilot testing it was found that some participants felt as if they were looking up at the virtual body (concordant with their real orientation) whilst others felt as if they were looking down on their virtual body (even if they were facing upward).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Ionta et al., 2011

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The TPJ has been considered part of the brain network involved in visuo-spatial attention.

    “the (right lateralized) TPJ has been also considered as part of the brain network involved in visuo-spatial attention (review in Corbetta and Shulman, 2011).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Corbetta and Shulman, 2011

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Two different directions of first-person perspective were adopted by participants: an up-group with the impression of looking upward and a down-group with the impression of looking downward at the virtual body.

    “This finding indicated that two different directions of first-person perspective were adopted by participants: those forming the “up-group” had the impression of looking upward, those in the “down-group” of looking downward at the virtual body.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Recent studies showed the importance of proprioception, acoustic information, and pain perception for bodily self-consciousness.

    “recent studies showed the importance of proprioception (Palluel et al., 2011), acoustic information (Aspell et al., 2010), and pain perception (Hansel et al., 2011).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Palluel et al., 2011

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Aspell et al., 2010

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Hansel et al., 2011

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Clinical findings showed that self-location, first-person perspective, and self-identification are dissociable, suggesting they rely on different neural bases.

    “Clinical findings showed that these three components are dissociable, suggesting that they rely on different neural bases.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Brugger et al., 1997

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Blanke et al., 2004

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites De Ridder et al., 2007

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    TPJ activity may also decrease in visual attention tasks.

    “it has been reported that TPJ activity may also decrease in visual attention tasks (Shulman et al., 1997; Gusnard and Raichle, 2001).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Shulman et al., 1997

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Gusnard and Raichle, 2001

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    There is a functional overlap in the TPJ between processes related to attention and bodily self-consciousness, associated with bilateral recruitment in experimental work in healthy subjects and right lateralized TPJ recruitment in patient studies.

    “In summary there seems to be a functional overlap in the TPJ between processes related to attention and bodily self-consciousness associated with bilateral recruitment in experimental work in healthy subjects and right lateralized TPJ recruitment in patient studies.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
30 of 30

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Manual application of visuo-tactile stimulation by the experimenter is susceptible to experimenter bias.

    “As such, precise and repeatable manipulations free from any possible experimenter bias were illusive to achieve.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Out-of-body-like illusions induced in healthy participants by visuo-tactile conflicts can serve as a valid model for investigating bodily self-consciousness.

    “In order to better control manipulations of self-consciousness with standardized and repeatable experimental protocols, several studies have recently induced OBE-like illusions in large samples of healthy participants by presenting ambiguous multi-sensory information.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Precise control of the spatial and temporal aspects of visuo-tactile stimulation is necessary to investigate the neural mechanisms of self-location and first-person perspective.

    “Moreover, even though it has been shown that self-location and first-person perspective could be experimentally studied, the neural underpinnings have not been investigated, probably due to the difficulty of applying the visuo-tactile multi-sensory conflict in a well-controlled and repeatable manner during brain imaging data acquisition.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The subjective reports of first-person perspective direction accurately reflect the participants' experienced direction.

    “depending on the experienced direction of the first-person perspective (subjective reports)”
    “as indicated by subjective reports”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The MBD task validly measures self-location.

    “self-location as measured by the MBD”
    “self-location as quantified by the MBD task”
5 of 5

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Bodily self-consciousness includes conscious experiences such as self-identification and self-location, as well as the first-person perspective.

    “BSC includes conscious experiences such as self-identification and self-location [36,37,44,45], as well as the first-person perspective [39,46,47].”

    From First-person view of one’s body in immersive virtual reality: Influence on episodic memory (2019) · cites this paper as [39]

  • Multisensory bodily processing during encoding and remembering is relevant not only for conscious bodily experiences of self-identification, self-location, and first-person perspective but also for autonoetic consciousness.

    “Autonoetic consciousness is the ability to mentally travel back in subjective time and recollect one’s previous experiences [2,18–20] and the present data suggest that multisensory bodily processing during encoding and remembering are not only of relevance for the conscious bodily experiences of self-identification, self-location, and first-person perspective [36,37,39,44–47], but also autonoetic”

    From First-person view of one’s body in immersive virtual reality: Influence on episodic memory (2019) · cites this paper as [39]

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Ionta, S., Gassert, R., & Blanke, O.
Affiliations
  • École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (CH)
  • ETH Zurich (CH)
  • University Hospital of Geneva (CH)
Corresponding author
Blanke, Olaf
ORCID
Venue
Frontiers in Psychology
Publisher
Frontiers Media SA
Published
2011
Volume
2
Pages
383-383
ISSN
1664-1078 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00383
PMC
PMC3245631
OpenAlex
W2147598389
Cited by
84
References
114
Citations by year
2026: 4 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 4
FWCI
9.61
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
cc-by-nc
Locations
  • Frontiers in Psychology (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Repository for Publications and Research Data (ETH Zurich) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
  • Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne) (submittedVersion)
  • ETH Zürich Research Collection
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Multisensory perception and integration
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Free Will and Agency
Keywords
bodily self-consciousness, multisensory integration, self-localization, first-person perspective, out-of-body experiences, temporoparietal junction, sensorimotor integration, embodiment, body image, virtual reality, robotics, non-invasive brain imaging

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-09.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-09.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review