The non-motor syndrome of primary dystonia: clinical and pathophysiological implications
Open accessAbstract
Dystonia is typically considered a movement disorder characterized by motor manifestations, primarily involuntary muscle contractions causing twisting movements and abnormal postures. However, growing evidence indicates an important non-motor component to primary dystonia, including abnormalities in sensory and perceptual functions, as well as neuropsychiatric, cognitive and sleep domains. Here, we review this evidence and discuss its clinical and pathophysiological implications.
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Non-motor symptoms, notably psychiatric disorders, are well recognised comorbid features of dystonia.
“There is also increasing recognition that non-motor symptoms form an important part of the disorder [1, 2].”
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Screening for Cognitive Impairments in Primary Blepharospasm
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Infratentorial gray matter atrophy and excess in primary craniocervical dystonia
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Trust the Patient Not the Doctor: The Determinants of Quality of Life in Cervical Dystonia
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- Authors
- Stamelou, M., Edwards, M. J., Hallett, M., & Bhatia, K. P.
- Affiliations
- National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (GB)
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology (GB)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Venue
- Brain
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2011-09-20
- Volume
- 135
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1668-1681
- ISSN
- 0006-8950 (ISSN-L)
- 1460-2156
- PMC
- PMC3359748
- OpenAlex
- W2082776435
- Cited by
- 299
- References
- 221
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 25 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 1.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Brain (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (089698)
- National Institute for Health and Care Research
- Parkinson's UK (G‐1009)
- National Institutes of Health
- Medical Research Council (MC_G1000735)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Neurological disorders and treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neurological diseases and metabolism
- Keywords
- primary dystonia, non-motor symptoms, sensory disturbances, perceptual abnormalities, neuropsychiatric symptoms, cognitive impairment, sleep disorders, pathophysiology, involuntary muscle contractions
- MeSH terms
- Cognition Disorders, Humans, Perceptual Disorders, Sensation Disorders, Sleep Wake Disorders, Dystonic Disorders
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