The Basal Ganglia and Adaptive Motor Control
Abstract
The basal ganglia are neural structures within the motor and cognitive control circuits in the mammalian forebrain and are interconnected with the neocortex by multiple loops. Dysfunction in these parallel loops caused by damage to the striatum results in major defects in voluntary movement, exemplified in Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease. These parallel loops have a distributed modular architecture resembling local expert architectures of computational learning models. During sensorimotor learning, such distributed networks may be coordinated by widely spaced striatal interneurons that acquire response properties on the basis of experienced reward.
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Execution of motor behavior is controlled by top-down projections from cortical areas to the dorsal striatum, which form strong excitatory synaptic connections onto striatal output neurons.
“The execution of motor behavior is controlled by top-down projections from cortical areas to the dorsal striatum (caudate putamen in primates), which form strong excitatory synaptic connections onto striatal output neurons [3][4][5].”
From Projection-specific deficits in synaptic transmission in adult Sapap3-knockout mice (2020) · cites this paper as [5]
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- Authors
- Graybiel, A. M., Aosaki, T., Flaherty, A. W., & Kimura, M.
- Affiliations
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
- RIKEN (JP)
- The University of Osaka (JP)
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 1994-09-23
- Volume
- 265
- Issue
- 5180
- Pages
- 1826-1831
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- OpenAlex
- W2048941040
- Cited by
- 1,324
- References
- 92
- Citations by year
- 2026: 22 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 40 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 65 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 41 · 2017: 33 · 2016: 45 · 2015: 45 · 2014: 56 · 2013: 50 · 2012: 57
- FWCI
- 4.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Public Health Service (NEI 02866)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NS 25529)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Motor Control and Adaptation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Neurological disorders and treatments
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Keywords
- basal ganglia, adaptive motor control, striatum, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, sensorimotor learning, striatal interneurons, reward learning, distributed neural networks, voluntary movement
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Haplorhini, Basal Ganglia, Brain Mapping, Corpus Striatum, Dopamine, Humans, Interneurons, Learning, Motor Activity, Motor Cortex, Movement Disorders, Neural Pathways, Neuronal Plasticity
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