The COX-2/PGE2 pathway, key roles in the hallmarks of cancer and adaptation to the tumour microenvironment
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It is widely accepted that alterations to cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression and the abundance of its enzymatic product prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) have key roles in influencing the development of colorectal cancer. Deregulation of the COX-2/PGE(2) pathway appears to affect colorectal tumorigenesis via a number of distinct mechanisms: promoting tumour maintenance and progression, encouraging metastatic spread, and perhaps even participating in tumour initiation. Here, we review the role of COX-2/PGE(2) signalling in colorectal tumorigenesis and highlight its ability to influence the hallmarks of cancer--attributes defined by Hanahan and Weinberg as being requisite for tumorigenesis. In addition, we consider components of the COX-prostaglandin pathway emerging as important regulators of tumorigenesis; namely, the prostanoid (EP) receptors, 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase and the prostaglandin transporter. Finally, based on recent findings, we propose a model for the cellular adaptation to the hypoxic tumour microenvironment that encompasses the interplay between COX-2, hypoxia-inducible factor 1 and dynamic switches in beta-catenin function that fine-tune signalling networks to meet the ever-changing demands of a tumour.
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HIF-1α-induced COX-2 expression leads to elevated PGE2 levels, which can induce PGE2-mediated vascularization.
“HIF-1α-induced COX-2 expression leads to elevated PGE2 levels, which can induce PGE2-mediated vascularization [87,88].”
From The Pathogenesis of Adenomyosis vis-à-vis Endometriosis (2020) · cites this paper as [87]
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Pathways of Colorectal Carcinogenesis
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“HIF-1α-induced COX-2 expression leads to elevated PGE2 levels, which can induce PGE2-mediated vascularization [87,88].”
BackgroundThe itinerary of Streptococcus gallolyticus infection in patients with colonic malignant disease
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“[30] HIF-1α-induced COX-2 expression leads to elevated prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) levels, which can induce PGE2-mediated vascularization.[31,32] VEGF, a major driver of angiogenesis in cancer and in endometriosis, is also transcriptionally regulated by HIF-1α under hypoxic conditions.”
Background
- Authors
- Greenhough, A., Smartt, H. J. M., Moore, A. E., Roberts, H. R., Williams, A. C., Paraskeva, C., & Kaidi, A.
- Affiliations
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Paraskeva, C.
- Venue
- Carcinogenesis
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2009-01-09
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 377-386
- ISSN
- 0143-3334 (ISSN-L)
- 1460-2180
- OpenAlex
- W2152064969
- Cited by
- 1,220
- References
- 166
- Citations by year
- 2026: 35 · 2025: 33 · 2024: 44 · 2023: 63 · 2022: 57 · 2021: 64 · 2020: 83 · 2019: 85 · 2018: 85 · 2017: 81 · 2016: 85 · 2015: 98 · 2014: 89 · 2013: 78 · 2012: 58
- FWCI
- 8.16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Carcinogenesis (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UWE Research Repository (UWE Bristol) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Explore Bristol Research (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Cancer Research UK
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Inflammatory mediators and NSAID effects
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Cancer, Lipids, and Metabolism
- Keywords
- cyclooxygenase-2, prostaglandin E2, colorectal cancer, carcinogenesis, cancer hallmarks, tumor microenvironment, hypoxia, HIF-1, β-catenin, prostanoid receptors, 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase, prostaglandin transporter, metastasis, tumor initiation
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cell Movement, Humans, Hydroxyprostaglandin Dehydrogenases, Neovascularization, Pathologic, Colorectal Neoplasms, Dinoprostone, Signal Transduction, Cell Hypoxia, Receptors, Prostaglandin E, Organic Anion Transporters, beta Catenin, Cyclooxygenase 2, Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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