Testing promotes long-term learning via stabilizing activation patterns in a large network of brain areas
Abstract
The testing effect refers to the phenomenon that repeated retrieval of memories promotes better long-term retention than repeated study. To investigate the neural correlates of the testing effect, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging methods while participants performed a cued recall task. Prior to the neuroimaging experiment, participants learned Swahili-German word pairs, then half of the word pairs were repeatedly studied, whereas the other half were repeatedly tested. For half of the participants, the neuroimaging experiment was performed immediately after the learning phase; a 1-week retention interval was inserted for the other half of the participants. We found that a large network of areas identified in a separate 2-back functional localizer scan were active during the final recall of the word pair associations. Importantly, the learning strategy (retest or restudy) of the word pairs determined the manner in which the retention interval affected the activations within this network. Recall of previously restudied memories was accompanied by reduced activation within this network at long retention intervals, but no reduction was observed for previously retested memories. We suggest that retrieval promotes learning via stabilizing cue-related activation patterns in a network of areas usually associated with cognitive and attentional control functions.
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Keresztes et al. (2014) compared repeatedly tested vs. studied-only word pairs but constrained their analyses to regions of interest defined by a working memory task.
“The other study compared repeatedly tested vs. studied-only word pairs but constrained their analyses to regions of interest defined by a working memory task (Keresztes et al., 2014).”
From Neural Correlates of Long-Term Memory Enhancement Following Retrieval Practice (2021) · cites this paper as Keresztes et al., 2014
Two studies observed greater activations related to memory enhanced by the testing effect in parietal, frontal, insular, temporal, and thalamic regions.
“Two studies observed greater activations related to memory enhanced by the testing effect in parietal, frontal, insular, temporal, and thalamic regions (Keresztes et al., 2014; Wirebring et al., 2015).”
From Neural Correlates of Long-Term Memory Enhancement Following Retrieval Practice (2021) · cites this paper as Keresztes et al., 2014
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- Authors
- Keresztes, A., Kaiser, D., Kovács, G., & Racsmány, M.
- Affiliations
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics (HU)
- University of Regensburg (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Keresztes, Attila
- Venue
- Cerebral Cortex
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2013-06-24
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 3025-3035
- ISSN
- 1047-3211 (ISSN-L)
- 1460-2199
- OpenAlex
- W2139180285
- Cited by
- 56
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 2.19
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Cerebral Cortex (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Regensburg Publication Server (University of Regensburg) (acceptedVersion)
- Iris (University of Trento) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Keywords
- testing effect, retrieval practice, long-term memory retention, cued recall, memory consolidation, retention interval, cognitive control network, attentional control, event-related fMRI
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Analysis of Variance, Brain, Brain Mapping, Female, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Neural Pathways, Oxygen, Paired-Associate Learning, Reaction Time, Mental Recall, Time Factors, Verbal Learning, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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