Persistence of Antibodies to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 in Relation to Symptoms in a Nationwide Prospective Study

den Hartog, Gerco; Vos, Eric R A; van den Hoogen, Lotus L; van Boven, Michiel; Schepp, Rutger M; Smits, Gaby; van Vliet, Jeffrey; Woudstra, Linde; Wijmenga-Monsuur, Alienke J; van Hagen, Cheyenne C E; Sanders, Elisabeth A M; de Melker, Hester E; van der Klis, Fiona R M; van Binnendijk, Robert S

doi:10.1093/cid/ciab172

Cited by 92SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 ResearchCOVID-19 Clinical Research StudiesCOVID-19 epidemiological studies

Persistence of Antibodies to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 in Relation to Symptoms in a Nationwide Prospective Study

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den Hartog, Gerco, Vos, Eric R A, van den Hoogen, Lotus L, van Boven, Michiel, Schepp, Rutger M, Smits, Gaby, van Vliet, Jeffrey, Woudstra, Linde +6 more·2021·Clinical Infectious Diseases

DOI 10.1093/cid/ciab172PMC PMC7929058

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Abstract

Background: Assessing the duration of immunity following infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a first priority to gauge the degree of protection following infection. Such knowledge is lacking, especially in the general population. Here, we studied changes in immunoglobulin isotype seropositivity and immunoglobulin G (IgG) binding strength of SARS-CoV-2–specific serum antibodies up to 7 months following onset of symptoms in a nationwide sample. Methods: Participants from a prospective representative serological study in the Netherlands were included based on IgG seroconversion to the spike S1 protein of SARS-CoV-2 (N = 353), with up to 3 consecutive serum samples per seroconverted participant (N = 738). Immunoglobulin M (IgM), immunoglobulin A (IgA), and IgG antibody concentrations to S1, and increase in IgG avidity in relation to time since onset of disease symptoms, were determined. Results: While SARS-CoV-2–specific IgM and IgA antibodies declined rapidly after the first month after disease onset, specific IgG was still present in 92% (95% confidence interval [CI], 89%–95%) of the participants after 7 months. The estimated 2-fold decrease of IgG antibodies was 158 days (95% CI, 136–189 days). Concentrations were sustained better in persons reporting significant symptoms compared to asymptomatic persons or those with mild upper respiratory complaints only. Similarly, avidity of IgG antibodies for symptomatic persons showed a steeper increase over time compared with persons with mild or no symptoms (P = .022). Conclusions: SARS-CoV-2–specific IgG antibodies persist and show increasing avidity over time, indicative of underlying immune maturation. These data support development of immune memory against SARS-CoV-2, providing insight into protection of the general unvaccinated part of the population. Clinical Trials Registration: NL8473 (the Dutch trial registry).

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The Luminex bead assay had specificity 99.7% and sensitivity 91.6%, determined using a heterogeneous sample set including asymptomatic and mild to severe COVID-19 cases, prepandemic population samples, and samples of persons infected with various viruses including endemic coronaviruses as negative controls.
“The specificity (99.7%) and sensitivity (91.6%) of the assay were determined using a heterogeneous sample set including asymptomatic and mild to severe COVID-19 cases as representative of COVID-19 cases in the general population, as well prepandemic population samples and samples of persons infected with various viruses, including endemic coronaviruses, as negative controls (23).”
From SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern partially escape humoral but not T cell responses in COVID-19 convalescent donors and vaccine recipients (2021) · cites this paper as [23]

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Estimating the asymptomatic proportion of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the general population: Analysis of nationwide serosurvey data in the Netherlands
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Long-Term Persistence of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies in a Pediatric Population
Méndez-Echevarría, A. M., Sainz, T., Falces‐Romero, I., de Felipe, B., Escolano, L., Alcolea, S., Pertiñez, L., Neth, O., & Calvo, C. (2021) · Pathogens · doi:10.3390/pathogens10060700 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Long-term decay of anti-RBD IgG titers after BNT162b2 vaccination is not mirrored by loss of neutralizing bioactivity against SARS-CoV-2
Malipiero, G., D’Agaro, P., Segat, L., Moratto, A., & Villalta, D. (2021) · Clinica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.cca.2021.11.023 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
SARS‐CoV‐2 Seroprevalence Trends in the Netherlands in the Variant of Concern Era: Input for Future Response
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Tolerability, Safety and Immunogenicity of Intradermal Delivery of a Fractional Dose mRNA -1273 SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine in Healthy Adults as a Dose Sparing StrategyPreprint
Roozen, G. V. T., Prins, M. L. M., van Binnendijk, R. S., den Hartog, G., Kuiper, V. P., Prins, C., Janse, J. J., Kruithof, A. C., Feltkamp, M. C. W., Kuijer, M., et al. (2021) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.07.27.21261116 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
SARS-CoV-2 Spike-specific IFN-γ T-cell Response After COVID-19 Vaccination in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease, on Dialysis, or Living With a Kidney Transplant
Imhof, C., Messchendorp, A. L., van der Heiden, M., Baan, C. C., Molen, R. G. V. D., Remmerswaal, E. B. M., de Vries, R. D., Diavatopoulos, D. A., Boerma, A., Bakker, F. J., et al. (2022) · Transplantation Direct · doi:10.1097/txd.0000000000001387 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Antibody levels remain high to one-year’s follow-up after moderate and severe COVID-19, but not after mild cases
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Exposure factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence during the first eight months of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Netherlands: A cross-sectional study
Pagen, D. M. E., Brinkhues, S., Dukers–Muijrers, N. H. T. M., den Heijer, C. D. J., Bouwmeester-Vincken, N., Hanssen, D. A. T., van Loo, I. H. M., Savelkoul, P. H. M., & Hoebe, C. J. P. A. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0268057 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Development and Implementation of Dried Blood Spot-Based COVID-19 Serological Assays for Epidemiologic Studies
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Assessment of hybrid population immunity to SARS-CoV-2 following breakthrough infections of distinct SARS-CoV-2 variants by the detection of antibodies to nucleoprotein
den Hartog, G., Andeweg, S. P., Hoeve, C. E., Smits, G. P., Voordouw, B. C. G., Eggink, D., Knol, M. J., & van Binnendijk, R. S. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-45718-8 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
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Similar Risk of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection and Similar Nucleocapsid Antibody Levels in People With Well-Controlled Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and a Comparable Cohort of People Without HIV
Verburgh, M. L., Boyd, A. C., Wit, F. W. N. M., van der Loeff, M. F. S., van der Valk, M., Bakker, M. E., Kootstra, N. A., van der Hoek, L., & Reiss, P. (2021) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/jiab616 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Endemic oscillations for SARS-CoV-2 Omicron—A SIRS model analysis
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High secondary attack rate and persistence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in household transmission study participants, Finland 2020–2021
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Th1-dominant cytokine responses in kidney patients after COVID-19 vaccination are associated with poor humoral responses
den Hartog, Y., Malahe, S. R. K., Rietdijk, W. J. R., Dieterich, M., Gommers, L., Geers, D., Bogers, S., van Baarle, D., Diavatopoulos, D. A., Messchendorp, A. L., et al. (2023) · npj Vaccines · doi:10.1038/s41541-023-00664-4 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Contribution of infection and vaccination to population-level seroprevalence through two COVID waves in Tamil Nadu, India
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Protective mucosal SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in the majority of the general population in the Netherlands
Verheul, M. K., Kaczorowska, J., Hofstee, M. I., Schepp, R. M., Smits, G. P., Beljaars, D. W., Kuijer, M., Schuin, W., Middelhof, I., Wong, D., et al. (2024) · Mucosal Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.mucimm.2024.03.008 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
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Association between adverse events after COVID-19 vaccination and anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody concentrations, the Netherlands, May 2021 to November 2022: a population-based prospective cohort study
Holwerda, M. R., Hoeve, C. E., Huiberts, A. J., den Hartog, G., de Melker, H. E., van den Hof, S., & Knol, M. J. (2024) · Eurosurveillance · doi:10.2807/1560-7917.es.2024.29.25.2300585 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Waning antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 – Don't panic
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The Time-Dependent Association of Torque Teno Virus Load with the Level of SARS-CoV-2 S1 IgG Antibodies Following COVID-19 Vaccination in Kidney Transplant Recipients
Imhof, C., Messchendorp, A. L., van Baarle, D., Gansevoort, R. T., van Leer‐Buter, C., & Sanders, J. (2023) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v15112189 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
IgG1 glycosylation highlights premature aging in Down syndrome
Streng, B. M. M., Coillie, J. V., Wildenbeest, J., van Binnendijk, R. S., Smits, G. P., den Hartog, G., Wang, W., Nouta, J., Linty, F., Visser, R., et al. (2024) · Aging Cell · doi:10.1111/acel.14167 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
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Repeated COVID-19 Vaccination Drives Memory T- and B-cell Responses in Kidney Transplant Recipients: Results From a Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial
Malahe, S. R. K., den Hartog, Y., Rietdijk, W. J. R., van Baarle, D., de Kuiper, R., Reijerkerk, D., Ras, A. M., Geers, D., Diavatopoulos, D. A., Messchendorp, A. L., et al. (2024) · Transplantation · doi:10.1097/tp.0000000000005119 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Waning of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies after the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020: A 12-month-evaluation in three population-based European studies
Novelli, S., Reinkemeyer, C., Bulaev, D., O’Sullivan, M. P., Snoeck, C. J., Rauschenberger, A., Manto, C., Kolodkin, A. N., Ghosh, S., Satagopam, V., et al. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0320196 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Barrier Gesture Relaxation during Vaccination Campaign in France: Modelling Impact of Waning Immunity
Vignals, C., Dick, D. W., Thiébaut, R., Wittkop, L., Prague, M., & Heffernan, J. M. (2021) · COVID · doi:10.3390/covid1020041 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Exploring Rapid and Effective Screening Methods for Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibodies in COVID-19 Convalescent Patients and Longitudinal Vaccinated Populations
Hu, C., Li, D., Liu, Z., Ren, L., Su, J., Zhu, M., Feng, Y., Wang, Z., Liu, Q., Zhu, B., et al. (2022) · Pathogens · doi:10.3390/pathogens11020171 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Proteomics Investigation of Diverse Serological Patterns in COVID-19
Liang, X., Sun, R., Wang, J., Zhou, K., Li, J., Chen, S., Lyu, M., Li, S., Xue, Z., Shi, Y., et al. (2023) · Molecular & Cellular Proteomics · doi:10.1016/j.mcpro.2023.100493 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Primary SARS‐CoV‐2 infection in children and adults results in similar Fc‐mediated antibody effector function patterns
Gelderloos, A. T., Lakerveld, A. J., Schepp, R. M., Nicolaie, M. A., van Beek, J., Beckers, L., van Binnendijk, R. S., Rots, N. Y., & van Kasteren, P. B. (2024) · Clinical & Translational Immunology · doi:10.1002/cti2.1521 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
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SARS-CoV-2-Specific Antibody (Ab) Levels and the Kinetic of Ab Decline Determine Ab Persistence Over 1 Year
Garner‐Spitzer, E., Wagner, A., Kundi, M., Stockinger, H. S. J., Ohradanova‐Repic, A., Gebetsberger, L., Schötta, A., Gudipati, V., Huppa, J. B., Kunert, R., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2022.822316 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
A label-free gold nanoparticles functionalized peptide dendrimer biosensor for visual detection of breakthrough infections in COVID-19 vaccinated patients
Kumar, N., Singh, A., Dhaka, P., Singh, A., Agarwala, P., Sharma, K. K., Bhargava, A., Bhatia, S., Launey, T., Kaushik, R., et al. (2024) · Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research · doi:10.1016/j.sbsr.2024.100718 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
The immune response to the novel coronavirus infection
Fedorov, V. S., Ivanova, O. N., Karpenko, I. L., & Ivanov, A. V. (2021) · Journal of clinical practice · doi:10.17816/clinpract64677 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
The protective immunity induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination: a critical appraisal
Tosta, E. (2021) · Exploration of Immunology · doi:10.37349/ei.2021.00014 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Evolution of neutralizing antibodies and cross-activity against different variants of SARS-CoV-2 in patients recovering from COVID-19
Liu, W.-D., Wang, J., Chao, T., Ieong, S., Tsai, Y., Kuo, P.-H., Tsai, M.-J., Chen, Y.-J., Li, G.-C., Ho, S., et al. (2022) · Journal of the Formosan Medical Association · doi:10.1016/j.jfma.2022.11.015 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Review of Clinical Trials of COVID-19 Vaccination Booster in SARS-CoV-2 Variants Era: To Take It or Not To Take It
Yan, Z., Yang, M., & Lai, C. (2022) · Frontiers in Drug Discovery · doi:10.3389/fddsv.2022.858006 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Differential vaccine-induced kinetics of humoral and cellular immune responses in SARS-CoV-2 naive and convalescent health care workers
Smit, W. L., Thijsen, S. F. T., van der Kieft, R., van Tol, S., Reimerink, J. H. J., Reusken, C. B. E. M., Rümke, L. W., Bossink, A. W. J., Limonard, G. J. M., & Heron, M. (2022) · Pathogens and Disease · doi:10.1093/femspd/ftac035 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Alternative Strategies to Increase the Immunogenicity of Covid-19 Vaccines in Kidney Transplant Recipients Not Responding to Two or Three Doses of an mRNA Vaccine. A Randomized Clinical TrialPreprint
Kho, M. M. L., Messchendorp, A. L., Frölke, S. C., Imhof, C., Koomen, V., Malahe, S. R. K., Geers, D., Baan, C. C., Molen, R. G. V. D., Diavatopoulos, D. A., et al. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4176376 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Applying mixture model methods to SARS-CoV-2 serosurvey data from Geneva
Bouman, J. A., Kadelka, S., Stringhini, S., Pennacchio, F., Meyer, B., Yerly, S., Kaiser, L., Guessous, I., Azman, A. S., Bonhoeffer, S., et al. (2022) · Epidemics · doi:10.1016/j.epidem.2022.100572 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Evaluating Johnson and Johnson COVID-19 Vaccination Outcomes in a Low-Income Hispanic Population
Lamb, C. C., Owens, C., Gamboa, W., & Lopez-Yunez, A. M. (2023) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines11010148 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Antibody Dynamics, Seroreversion, and Persistence After Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2: Another Answer
Poland, G. A. (2021) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciab243 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Population (Antibody) Testing for COVID-19—Technical Challenges, Application and Relevance, an English Perspective
Maple, P. A. C. (2021) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines9060550 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Antibody concentration and function following SARS-CoV-2 vaccination decrease with age in adults and children with Down syndrome
Streng, B. M. M., Hensen, L. C. M., Delemarre, E. M., van Binnendijk, R. S., Smits, G. P., den Hartog, G., van der Klis, F. R. M., de Vries, E., Burger, J. A., van Gils, M. J., et al. (2025) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.128079 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
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Features of the Formation of Seroprevalence to SARS-CoV2 in the Population of the Republic of Tatarstan during the Spread of COVID-19
Решетникова, И. Д., Agafonova, E. V., Khakimov, N. M., Tyurin, Y. A., Шайхразиева, Н. Д., & Ziatdinov, V. B. (2023) · Epidemiology and Vaccinal Prevention · doi:10.31631/2073-3046-2023-22-1-13-21 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Revealing the significance of IL-2 and IL-5 in SARS-CoV-2-specific T-cell responses in kidney transplant recipients
den Hartog, Y., Malahe, S. R. K., Rietdijk, W. J. R., Dieterich, M., Gommers, L., van Baarle, D., Diavatopoulos, D. A., Messchendorp, A. L., Molen, R. G. V. D., Remmerswaal, E. B. M., et al. (2024) · npj Viruses · doi:10.1038/s44298-024-00015-7 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The association between SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence and cross-border mobility for visiting family or friends among Dutch residents of a Euregional province
Pagen, D. M. E., Hanssen, D. A. T., van Loo, I. H. M., Brinkhues, S., den Heijer, C. D. J., Dukers–Muijrers, N. H. T. M., & Hoebe, C. J. P. A. (2024) · Health Policy · doi:10.1016/j.healthpol.2024.105056 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Impaired mucosal IgA response in patients with severe COVID-19
Yaugel-Novoa, M., Noailly, B., Jospin, F., Pizzorno, A., Traversier, A., Pozzetto, B., Waeckel, L., Longet, S., Pillet, S., Botelho-Nevers, É., et al. (2024) · Emerging Microbes & Infections · doi:10.1080/22221751.2024.2401940 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Persistence of infection-induced SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity throughout gestation
Staszewski, C. L., Rochelson, B. L., Krantz, D., Gerber, R. P., Juhel, H., Reddy, S., & Blitz, M. J. (2021) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2021.09.037 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Systemic oxidative stress may be associated with reduced IgG antibody titers against SARS-CoV-2 in vaccinated kidney transplant recipients: A post-hoc analysis of the RECOVAC-IR observational study
van Eijk, L. E., Bourgonje, A. R., Messchendorp, A. L., Bulthuis, M. L. C., Reinders-Luinge, M., der Meer, B. D., Westra, J., den Dunnen, W. F. A., Hillebrands, J., Sanders, J., et al. (2024) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2024.02.018 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The phenotype and functionality of spike-specific CD4+ T cells after COVID-19 vaccination associates with time after transplantation in transplant recipients
Imhof, C., Liu, S., Messchendorp, A. L., Sanders, J., Verschuuren, E. A. M., de Vries, R. D., van Leer‐Buter, C., van Baarle, D., & van der Heiden, M. (2025) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127600 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Pulmonary and renal long COVID at two-year revisit
Wang, J., Liang, X., Zheng, Y., Zhu, Y., Zhou, K., Wu, X., Sun, R., Hu, Y., Zhu, X., Chi, H., et al. (2024) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2024.110344 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 Immunoglobulin G Antibody Among Hospitalized Patients and Healthcare Workers During the Delta Wave in Bangladesh
Matin, M. A., Sami, C. A., Anjan, M. A. H., Rashed, H. M., Hoque, A. M., Hasan, M. N., Arafat, S. M., Biswas, S. K., & Chowdhury, F. R. (2025) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.82175 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Long-term prognosis of adults with moderately severe SARS-CoV-2 lower respiratory tract infection managed in primary care: Prospective cohort study
Platteel, T. N., Koelmans, J. C., Cianci, D., Broers, N. J. H., de Bont, E. G. P. M., Cals, J., Venekamp, R. P., & Verheij, T. J. (2025) · European Journal of General Practice · doi:10.1080/13814788.2025.2501306 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
An epidemiological and retrospective study in a cohort qualified for SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in the region of Lower Silesia, Poland
Stępień, M., Świątoniowska-Lonc, N., Knysz, B., Jankowska‐Polańska, B., Kuźniarski, A., Piwowar, A., & Zalewska, M. (2023) · Advances in Clinical and Experimental Medicine · doi:10.17219/acem/161461 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Serological Evidence for Reinfection with SARS-CoV-2; An Observational Cohort StudyPreprint
van Binnendijk, R. S., den Hartog, G., Reimerink, J. H. J., Schepp, R. M., Feenstra, S. G., Reukers, D. F. M., Reusken, C. B. E. M., Eggink, D., Sanders, E. A. M., Kortbeek, T., et al. (2021) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3800076 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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Three-dose mRNA-1273 vaccination schedule: sufficient antibody response in majority of immunocompromised hematology patientsPreprint
Haggenburg, S., Hofsink, Q., Lissenberg-Witte, B. I., Broers, A. E. C., van Doesum, J. A., van Binnendijk, R. S., den Hartog, G., Bhoekhan, M. S., Haverkate, N. J. E., Burger, J. A., et al. (2022) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2022.04.08.22273602 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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Immune response against SARS-CoV-2 of primary healthcare personnel in a commune of Santiago, Chile: follow-up at 6 monthsPreprint
Andrea Olea, N., Matute, I., Hirmas, M., González, C., Iruretagoyena, M., Munita, J. M., Pedroni, E., Gómez, M., Cortés, J., & Hormazábal, J. (2022) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2022.08.03.22278369 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Association between common adverse events after COVID-19 vaccination and anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody concentrations in a population-based prospective cohort study in the NetherlandsPreprint
Holwerda, M., Hoeve, C. E., Huiberts, A. J., den Hartog, G., de Melker, H. E., van den Hof, S., & Knol, M. J. (2023) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.10.19.23297194 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The impact of SARS-CoV-2 on fatigue and quality of life in the early phase of the pandemic: prevalence of post COVID-19 condition among unvaccinated individuals in a Dutch population-based serosurveillance cohortPreprint
van Hagen, C. C. E., Mutubuki, E. N., de Bruijn, S., Vos, E. R. A., den Hartog, G., van der Klis, F. R. M., van den Wijngaard, C. C., de Melker, H. E., & van Hoek, A. J. (2024) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2024.03.19.24304303 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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Stable IgG-antibody levels in patients with mild SARS-CoV-2 infectionPreprint
Åkerlund, T., Zakikhany, K., Löfström, C., Lindmark, E., Källberg, H., Elofsson, U. M., Cederbrant, K., Nygren, E., Kallin, A., Lagerqvist, N., et al. (2021) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.06.16.21258960
Incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in a cohort of workers from the University of Porto, Portugal
Costa, J. P., Meireles, P., Rodrigues, P., & Barros, H. (2022) · Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1080/23744235.2022.2035429
Inquérito sorológico do SARS-CoV-2 em trabalhadores de uma instituição de ensino e o retorno às atividades presenciais / SARS-CoV-2 serological survey of workers at an educational institution and the return to face-to-face activities
Tátila-Ferreira, A., dos Santos, R. M., Silva, L. H. G., Santos, T. M. D., Oliveira, R. C. D., Batista, M. R. A., Castro, R. X., & de Abreu, F. V. S. (2022) · Brazilian Journal of Health Review · doi:10.34119/bjhrv5n3-130
Sex and age differences in the proportion of experienced symptoms by SARS-CoV-2 serostatus in a community-based cross-sectional study
Pagen, D. M. E., Brinkhues, S., Dukers–Muijrers, N. H. T. M., den Heijer, C. D. J., Bouwmeester-Vincken, N., Hanssen, D. A. T., van de Laar, L. M., van Loo, I. H. M., Savelkoul, P. H. M., & Hoebe, C. J. P. A. (2022) · Epidemiology and Infection · doi:10.1017/s0950268822001339
Letters to the Editor
(2022) · Archivos Argentinos de Pediatria · doi:10.5546/aap.2022.eng.e359
Immune response against SARS-CoV-2 of primary healthcare personnel in a commune of Santiago, Chile: follow-up at 6 months
Andrea Olea, N., Olea, A., Hirmas, M., González, C., Iruretagoyena, M., Munita, J., Pedroni, E., Gómez, M., Cortés, J., & Hormazábal, J. (2022) · International Journal of Health Science · doi:10.22533/at.ed.1592672203118 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Diagnosing SARS-CoV-2 related NMDARpositive immune encephalitis requires documentation of a time-linked COVIDinfection.
Finsterer, J. (2022) · PubMed
Exposure factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity are not predictive for higher humoral immune responses: A cross-sectional cohort study in the general population
Hanssen, D. A. T., Pagen, D. M. E., Penders, J., Brinkhues, S., Dukers–Muijrers, N. H. T. M., Hoebe, C. J. P. A., Savelkoul, P. H. M., & van Loo, I. H. M. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Virology Plus · doi:10.1016/j.jcvp.2023.100164
Immunity of Canadians and risk of epidemics workshop – Conference report
Bolotin, S., Osman, S., Halperin, S. A., Severini, A., Ward, B. J., Sadarangani, M., Hatchette, T. F., Pebody, R. G., Winter, A. K., de Melker, H. E., et al. (2023) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.07.023
Seroprevalence of IgG Antibodies Against SARS-CoV-2 N Protein Among Vaccinated and Unvaccinated Subjects in Lahore, Pakistan
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The Trajectory of Antibody Responses One Year Following SARS-CoV-2 Infection among Indigenous Individuals in the Southwest United States
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Antibody Dynamics, Seroreversion, and Persistence After Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2: Another Answer
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Authors: den Hartog, G., Vos, E. R. A., van den Hoogen, L. L., van Boven, M., Schepp, R. M., Smits, G., van Vliet, J., Woudstra, L., Wijmenga-Monsuur, A. J., van Hagen, C. C. E., Sanders, E. A. M., de Melker, H. E., van der Klis, F. R. M., & van Binnendijk, R. S.
Affiliations: Centre for Immunology of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (NL)
Centre for Infectious Diseases, Epidemiology and Surveillance, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
ORCID: den Hartog, Gerco
Vos, Eric R A
Schepp, Rutger M
Smits, Gaby
Sanders, Elisabeth A M
Venue: Clinical Infectious Diseases
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published: 2021-02-24
Volume: 73
Issue: 12
Pages: 2155-2162
ISSN: 1058-4838 (ISSN-L)
1537-6591
DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciab172
PMC: PMC7929058
OpenAlex: W3130878535
Cited by: 92
References: 44
Citations by year: 2026: 2 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 28
FWCI: 6.55
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: cc-by-nc-nd
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ (vor)
Locations: Clinical Infectious Diseases (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Rivm (National Institute for Public Health and the Environment) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Netherlands National Institute for Public Health and the Environment
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Modeling and Simulation › COVID-19 epidemiological studies
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 pandemic, antibody persistence, IgG avidity, immunological memory, IgM, IgA, symptomatic vs asymptomatic infection, duration of immunity, seroconversion, natural infection
MeSH terms: COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Humans, Netherlands, Prospective Studies

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Persistence of Antibodies to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 in Relation to Symptoms in a Nationwide Prospective Study

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