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Database for mRNA Half-Life of 19 977 Genes Obtained by DNA Microarray Analysis of Pluripotent and Differentiating Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells

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Sharova, L. V., Sharov, A. A., Nedorezov, T., Piao, Y., Shaik, N., Ko, M. S.H.·2009·DNA Research

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Abstract

Degradation of mRNA is one of the key processes that control the steady-state level of gene expression. However, the rate of mRNA decay for the majority of genes is not known. We successfully obtained the rate of mRNA decay for 19 977 non-redundant genes by microarray analysis of RNA samples obtained from mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells. Median estimated half-life was 7.1 h and only <100 genes, including Prdm1, Myc, Gadd45 g, Foxa2, Hes5 and Trib1, showed half-life less than 1 h. In general, mRNA species with short half-life were enriched among genes with regulatory functions (transcription factors), whereas mRNA species with long half-life were enriched among genes related to metabolism and structure (extracellular matrix, cytoskeleton). The stability of mRNAs correlated more significantly with the structural features of genes than the function of genes: mRNA stability showed the most significant positive correlation with the number of exon junctions per open reading frame length, and negative correlation with the presence of PUF-binding motifs and AU-rich elements in 3'-untranslated region (UTR) and CpG di-nucleotides in the 5'-UTR. The mRNA decay rates presented in this report are the largest data set for mammals and the first for ES cells.

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Figure 1 Stability of mRNA in mouse ES cells. (A and B) Regression of gene expression level (microarray signal intensity in log scale) versus time after suppressing transcription by actinomycin D (y = a + bx) is used to estimate the rate of mRNA decay, d = b*ln(10). All 10 data points are used for an example (A) and only six data points are used for and example (B). (C) Comparison between mRNA decay rates estimated for MC1 ES cells and those estimated for MC2-B6 ES cells. Rates are log-transformed, log10(d + 0.1). (D) Comparison between mRNA decay rates estimated using different probes (#1 and #2) on the microarray, which match to the main transcript of the same gene. Only the data for MC1 cells are shown. (E) Comparison of mRNA decay rates identified with the best probe (#1) from the main transcript of each gene with decay rates estimated using other probe (#2) that matched the same gene; pairs of probes were first classified into groups according to the difference in estimated mRNA decay rate (group size is shown below bars, n), and then the proportion of probes #2 that matched different types of transcripts and/or introns was estimated and plotted for each group. (F) Frequency distribution of mRNA half-life among all genes. (G) Frequency distribution of mRNA half-life in different functional categories of genes; color circles indicate that the functional group was previously identified as being over-represented among stable or unstable mRNA species.CC BY-NC · PubMed Central

Figure 2 Change in mRNA decay rates in ES cells after differentiation. (A) Change of mRNA decay rates after 7 days of differentiation in LIF− conditions; significant changes (FDR <0.05 and >2-fold change of half-life) is shown by red and green dots; rates are log-transformed, log10(d + 0.1). (B) Change in mRNA decay rates after 7 days of differentiation in RA conditions. (C) Frequency distribution of mRNA half-life in undifferentiated MC1 cells (LIF+) compared with cells differentiated after LIF withdrawal (LIF−) and retinoic acid (RA) treatment. (D) Half-life of mRNA of genes associated with pluripotent state of ES cells in undifferentiated cells (LIF+) and upon differentiation (LIF− and RA).CC BY-NC · PubMed Central

Figure 3 Effect of structural and functional characteristics of genes on the rate of mRNA decay. (A) Proportion of genes with increased number of exon junctions, CpG di-nucleotides in 5′-UTR, and ARE4 and PUF motifs in 3′-UTR in groups of genes with different range of mRNA half-life. (B) Regression coefficients for the effect of structural elements (cis-factors) and gene function on the mRNA decay rate; abundance of structural elements and mRNA decay rates are log-transformed. (C) Correlation between functional characteristics of genes and abundance of structural elements (log-transformed).CC BY-NC · PubMed Central

Figure 4 Comparison of mRNA decay rates for orthologous genes in mouse ES cells and in human hepatocytes (from the reference4) Rates are log-transformed, log10(d + 0.1). Human mRNA decay rates were re-normalized using average decay rate of 200 most unstable mRNA species for proper comparison.CC BY-NC · PubMed Central

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Controlling the False Discovery Rate: A Practical and Powerful Approach to Multiple Testing
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Neural and Molecular Mechanisms of Biological Embedding of Social Interactions
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“However, in general, most genes with mRNAs with very short half-lives were shown to encode for proteins with regu- latory functions (Sharova et al., 2009).”
Background
Extraction of RNA from tough tissues with high proteoglycan content by cryosection, second phase separation and high salt precipitation
Lee, J. T. Y., Cheung, E. M. C., & Leung, V. (2015) · Journal of Biological Methods · doi:10.14440/jbm.2015.40 · Cited by 23
“1 h and the half-life for mRNA for some genes (<100 genes) may be less than 1 h [9].”
Background
Systematic study of cell isolation from bovine nucleus pulposus: Improving cell yield and experiment reliability
Lee, J. T. Y., Cheung, K., & Leung, V. (2015) · Journal of Orthopaedic Research® · doi:10.1002/jor.22942 · Cited by 23
“1 h in mouse embryonic cells and the half life is longer for genes related to metabolism and structure such as extracellular matrix and cytoskeleton while genes with regulatory functions such as transcription factors may have half-life less than 1h.(19) Among our chosen markers, ACAN and COL2A1 are genes for extracell…”
Background
Impact of Delay to Cryopreservation on RNA Integrity and Genome-Wide Expression Profiles in Resected Tumor Samples
Caboux, É., Paciencia, M., Durand, G., Robinot, N. R., Wozniak, M. B., Galateau-Sallé, F., Byrnes, G. B., Hainaut, P. L., & Calvez‐Kelm, F. L. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0079826 · Cited by 23
“1 h and that only about 60 genes, including PRDM1, MYC, GADD45G, FOXA2, HES5 and TRIB1, had mRNA with half-lives less than 1 h [51].”
Background
Transient oscillatory dynamics of interferon beta signaling in macrophages
Pertsovskaya, I., Abad, E. M., Domedel-Puig, N., García‐Ojalvo, J., & Villoslada, P. (2013) · BMC Systems Biology · doi:10.1186/1752-0509-7-59 · Cited by 23
“23 hour half-life [40]”
Mammalian Tribbles Homologs at the Crossroads of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Pathways
Cunard, R. A. (2013) · Scientifica · doi:10.1155/2013/750871 · Cited by 23
Transcriptional and Posttranscriptional Regulation of Cytokine Gene Expression in HIV-1 Antigen-Specific CD8+T Cells That Mediate Virus Inhibition
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“publications and other global analyses (38, 39).”
Alterations of GABA B receptors in the APP/PS1 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease
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The fiber diameter traits of Tibetan cashmere goats are governed by the inherent differences in stress, hypoxic, and metabolic adaptations: an integrative study of proteome and transcriptome
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“Mammalian cells are shown to produce fewer copies of relatively unstable mRNA at a much lower rate than dozens of stable protein copies per mRNA [49, 50].”
Background
Phototoxic effects of nonlinear optical microscopy on cell cycle, oxidative states, and gene expression
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BICC1 Expression is Elevated in Depressed Subjects and Contributes to Depressive Behavior in Rodents
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“BICC1 mRNA has a half-life of 11 h (Sharova et al, 2009), suggesting that the rapid decrease that we observe (within 2 h in vivo and 20 min in vitro) in BICC1 mRNA following ketamine and KCl treatment requires active degradation, as opposed to passive decay.”
Background
Alternative splicing coupled to nonsense-mediated decay coordinates downregulation of non-neuronal genes in developing mouse neurons
Zhuravskaya, A., Yap, K., Hamid, F., & Makeyev, E. V. (2024) · Genome biology · doi:10.1186/s13059-024-03305-8 · Cited by 20
“S13, we used published transcriptome-wide estimates for v sr (1.76 mRNA molecules per cell per hour; the median rate measured for mouse NIH 3T3 cells; [101]) and t 1 / 2 (7.08 h; the median half life for proliferating and differentiating mouse ESCs; [102]).”
MethodInfluential
Nrf2 Regulates Basal Glutathione Production in Astrocytes
He, J., & Hewett, S. J. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26020687 · Cited by 25
“Our lab previously reported the xCT mRNA half-life in astrocytes under basal conditions to be 4 ± 1.9 h [66], which is relatively shorter than the reported median mRNA half-life of 7.1 h calculated from nearly 20,000 different genes in mouse embryonic stem cells [67].”
Influential
Cell-cycle dependence of bursty gene expression: insights from fitting mechanistic models to single-cell RNA-seq data
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PPARγ stabilizes HO-1 mRNA in monocytes/macrophages which affects IFN-β expression
von Knethen, A., Neb, H., Morbitzer, V., Schmidt, M. V., Kühn, A., Kuchler, L., & Brüne, B. (2011) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.04.033 · Cited by 22
Prdm1 (Blimp-1) and the Expression of Fast and Slow Myosin Heavy Chain Isoforms during Avian Myogenesis In Vitro
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“Prdm1 mRNA is expected to have a short half-life [41].”
Efficient approximations of RNA kinetics landscape using non-redundant sampling
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Connections between 3′ end processing and DNA damage response: Ten years later
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“Additionally, the median mRNA half-life under steady-state conditions is over 7 hr (Sharova et al., 2009), which reduces for housekeeping genes upon stress introduction (Cevher et al., 2010).”
Background
PU.1 Regulates Positive Regulatory Domain I-Binding Factor 1/Blimp-1 Transcription in Lymphoma Cells
Desai, S., Bolick, S. C. E., Maurin, M. M., & Wright, K. L. (2009) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.0901120 · Cited by 21
“This is consistent with the recent genome-wide analysis of mRNA decay rates in mouse embryonic stem cells in which PRDM1 was one of the rare transcripts with a 1-h half-life (32).”
Short Residence Times of DNA-Bound Transcription Factors Can Reduce Gene Expression Noise and Increase the Transmission of Information in a Gene Regulation System
Azpeitia, E., & Wagner, A. (2020) · Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences · doi:10.3389/fmolb.2020.00067 · Cited by 17
“For mRNA, experimentally measured half-lives usually lie in the range of seconds to hours (Sharova et al., 2009; Schwanhäusser et al., 2011; Laalami et al., 2014; Lugowski et al., 2018).”
Background
Depletion of mRNA export regulator DBP5/DDX19, GLE1 or IPPK that is a key enzyme for the production of IP6, resulting in differentially altered cytoplasmic mRNA expression and specific cell defect
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Cap-Independent Circular mRNA Translation Efficiency
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“Secondly, the half-life of mRNA in the mammalian cell is estimated to be several minutes to several days, with a median value of 7 h [3].”
Oxidative products from alcohol metabolism differentially modulate pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in Kupffer cells and hepatocytes
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“Calculation of mRNA half-life was based on the method described elsewhere [24-26].”
Method
Modeling circadian variability of core-clock and clock-controlled genes in four tissues of the rat
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Enhancing Stability of Destabilized Green Fluorescent Protein Using Chimeric mRNA Containing Human Beta-Globin 5' and 3' Untranslated Regions.
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Dendritic Glutamate Receptor mRNAs Show Contingent Local Hotspot-Dependent Translational Dynamics
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“27 hr for GluR4), which enabled us tomore readily assess translational regulation (Mameli et al., 2007; Miyashiro et al., 1994; Sharova et al., 2009; Sutton et al., 2004).”
Influential
Signaling pathways have an inherent need for noise to acquire information
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Potential transcriptional biomarkers to guide glucocorticoid replacement in autoimmune Addison's disease
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Phase separation as a possible mechanism for dosage sensitivity
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Advances in non-viral mRNA delivery to the spleen
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Comparative transcriptomics of the Djungarian hamster hypothalamus during short photoperiod acclimation and spontaneous torpor
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Ribosomal dysregulation: A conserved pathophysiological mechanism in human depression and mouse chronic stress
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“The average half-life of pseudogenes (10 to 17 h) (29) falls into the range of duration required for homeostatic scaling, further supporting the possible role of RP pseudogenes in mechanisms of homeostatic synaptic scaling.”
Background
Oxidative Damage on RNA Nucleobases
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Feedforward regulation of mRNA stability by prolonged extracellular signal‐regulated kinase activity
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Somatic expression of unc-54 and vha-6 mRNAs declines but not pan-neuronal rgef-1 and unc-119 expression in aging Caenorhabditis elegans
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Enhancing potency of siRNA targeting fusion genes by optimization outside of target sequence
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The Pseudokinase TRIB1 in Immune Cells and Associated Disorders
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“Altogether, these studies present TRIB1 as a highly regulated molecule, both at the RNA and protein levels, with notable co-expression with regulatory transcription factors [87], highlighting the functional role of TRIB1 in cooperation with transcription factors.”
BackgroundInfluential
Oncogenic K-Ras suppresses global miRNA function
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AU-Rich Element-Mediated mRNA Decay Can Occur Independently of the miRNA Machinery in Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts and Drosophila S2-Cells
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“The output of a gene is determined by its rate of transcription, the post-transcriptional processing and stability of the mRNA, its translation rate and the post-translational control of protein activity and stability. Despite the fact that cellular mRNAs share a common set of important structural features like the 5′…”
Background
Genome-wide map of RNA degradation kinetics patterns in dendritic cells after LPS stimulation facilitates identification of primary sequence and secondary structure motifs in mRNAs
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“75 hr Decay rate of IRF7 7 [37,51] kIRF7P,IRF7 0.”
Background
An Exploration of Molecular Correlates Relevant to Radiation Combined Skin-Burn Trauma
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“involved using mRNA expression, from isolated mononuclear cells, to predict the effects of radiation exposure; however, mRNA is known to be intrinsically unstable thus making this method unreliable [32].”
Method
Ultraconserved cDNA segments in the human transcriptome exhibit resistance to folding and implicate function in translation and alternative splicing
Sathirapongsasuti, J. F., Sathira, N. P., Suzuki, Y., Huttenhower, C., & Sugano, S. (2010) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkq949 · Cited by 16
“Comparing the degradation rates and half-lives of UCS-containing mRNAs with those of 19 977 genes in mouse embryonic stem cells (54), we found that UCS-containing mRNAs tend to”
Method

Authors: Sharova, L. V., Sharov, A. A., Nedorezov, T., Piao, Y., Shaik, N., & Ko, M. S. H.
Affiliations: National Institutes of Health (US)
Corresponding author: Ko, M. S.H.
ORCID: Sharov, A. A.
Ko, M. S.H.
Venue: DNA Research
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published: 2009-01-08
Volume: 16
Issue: 1
Pages: 45-58
ISSN: 1340-2838 (ISSN-L)
1756-1663
DOI: 10.1093/dnares/dsn030
PMC: PMC2644350
OpenAlex: W2106014350
Cited by: 591
References: 57
Citations by year: 2026: 20 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 42 · 2023: 40 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 42 · 2020: 37 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 36 · 2017: 38 · 2016: 33 · 2015: 43 · 2014: 40 · 2013: 31 · 2012: 30
FWCI: 7.82
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Locations: DNA Research (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health
National Institute on Aging (Z01AG000656)
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA Research and Splicing
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology Techniques and Applications
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA and protein synthesis mechanisms
Keywords: mRNA half-life, mRNA stability, mouse embryonic stem cells, pluripotency, cell differentiation, gene expression regulation, exon-exon junctions, AU-rich elements, 3' untranslated region, CpG, 5' untranslated region, transcription factors, steady-state mRNA levels
MeSH terms: Animals, Cell Differentiation, Cells, Cultured, Half-Life, Humans, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Inbred Strains, RNA, Messenger, Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis, 3' Untranslated Regions, Gene Expression Profiling, RNA Stability, Databases, Genetic, Pluripotent Stem Cells, Mice, Embryonic Stem Cells

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Database for mRNA Half-Life of 19 977 Genes Obtained by DNA Microarray Analysis of Pluripotent and Differentiating Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells

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