Marital status and living situation during a 5-year period are associated with a subsequent 10-year cognitive decline in older men: The FINE Study
Open accessAbstract
We investigate the association between marital status and living situation (over 5 years) on 10-year subsequent cognitive decline. The study population consisted of 1,042 men aged 70-89 years in 1990, who participated in the longitudinal Finland, Italy, the Netherlands Elderly (known as FINE) Study. We measured cognition by using the Mini-Mental State Examination, and we assessed marital status (married vs unmarried) and living situation (living with others vs living alone) with a standardized questionnaire. We performed repeated measurement analyses and made adjustments for age, education, country, smoking, alcohol, chronic diseases, marital status or living situation, and baseline cognition. Men who lost a partner, who were unmarried, who started to live alone, or who lived alone during the 5-year period had at least a two times stronger subsequent cognitive decline compared with men who were married or who lived with someone in those years.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Living alone in later life may increase the risk of poor cognitive function.
“Living alone in later life may increase the risk of poor cognitive function (Gow, Pattie, Whiteman, Whalley, & Deary, 2007;Gow, Corley, Starr, & Deary, 2013;van Gelder et al., 2006;Yaffe et al., 2009)”
From Living alone and cognitive function in later life (2019) · cites this paper as van Gelder et al., 2006
Some studies have reported an association between living alone and poorer scores on tests of global cognitive function, immediate and delayed recall, orientation, processing speed, and IQ.
“Some studies have reported an association between living alone and poorer scores on tests of global cognitive function (van Gelder et al., 2006;Yaffe et al., 2009), immediate and delayed recall, orientation (Mazzuco, Meggiolaro, Ongaro, & Toffolutti, 2016), processing speed (Gow et al., 2013), and IQ (Gow et al., 2007).”
From Living alone and cognitive function in later life (2019) · cites this paper as van Gelder et al., 2006
Living with others may enhance cognitive function directly through the stimulation arising from regular social interaction with others.
“From a cognitive reserve perspective, living with others may enhance cognitive function directly through the stimulation arising from regular social interaction with others (van Gelder et al., 2006).”
From Living alone and cognitive function in later life (2019) · cites this paper as van Gelder et al., 2006
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E., & McHugh, P. R. (1975) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3956(75)90026-6 · Cited by 88,282 · see citing works
A self-rating depression scale
ZUNG, W. W. K. (1965) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1965.01720310065008 · Cited by 9,813 · see citing works
Social Relationships and Health
House, J. S., Landis, K. R., & Umberson, D. (1988) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.3399889 · Cited by 7,073 · see citing works
The Mini‐Mental State Examination: A Comprehensive Review
Tombaugh, T. N., & McIntyre, N. J. (1992) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.1992.tb01992.x · Cited by 5,152 · see citing works
From social integration to health: durkheim in the new millennium
Berkman, L. F., Glass, T., Brissette, I., & Seeman, T. E. (2000) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(00)00065-4 · Cited by 4,821 · see citing works
Subcommittee, G. (1999) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/00004872-199917020-00001 · Cited by 3,895 · see citing works
Effects of Cognitive Training Interventions With Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Ball, K., Berch, D. B., Helmers, K. F., Jobe, J. B., Leveck, M. D., Marsiske, M., Morris, J. N., Rebok, G. W., Smith, D. M., Tennstedt, S. L., et al. (2002) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.288.18.2271 · Cited by 2,049 · see citing works
Leisure Activities and the Risk of Dementia in the Elderly
Verghese, J., Lipton, R. B., Katz, M. J., Hall, C. B., Derby, C. A., Kuslansky, G., Ambrose, A. F., Sliwinski, M., & Buschke, H. (2003) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa022252 · Cited by 1,961 · see citing works
McEwen, B. S., & Sapolsky, R. M. (1995) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/0959-4388(95)80028-x · Cited by 1,889 · see citing works
Influence of social network on occurrence of dementia: a community-based longitudinal study
Fratiglioni, L., Wang, H.-X., Ericsson, K., Maytan, M., & Winblad, B. (2000) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(00)02113-9 · Cited by 1,361 · see citing works
Participation in Cognitively Stimulating Activities and Risk of Incident Alzheimer Disease
Wilson, R. S. (2002) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.287.6.742 · Cited by 1,312 · see citing works
Social ties and health: The benefits of social integration
Seeman, T. E. (1996) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/s1047-2797(96)00095-6 · Cited by 1,137 · see citing works
Social Disengagement and Incident Cognitive Decline in Community-Dwelling Elderly Persons
Bassuk, S. S., Glass, T. A., & Berkman, L. F. (1999) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-131-3-199908030-00002 · Cited by 991 · see citing works
Wang, H. (2002) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/155.12.1081 · Cited by 957 · see citing works
Rates and risk factors for dementia and Alzheimer’s disease: Results from EURODEM pooled analyses
Launer, L. J., Andersen, K., Dewey, M. E., Letenneur, L., Ott, A., Amaducci, L. A., Brayne, C., Copeland, J. R. M., Dartigues, J.-F., Kragh-Sorensen, P., et al. (1999) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.52.1.78 · Cited by 758 · see citing works
Zunzunegui, M.-V., Alvarado, B. E., Del Ser, T., & Otero, A. (2003) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences · doi:10.1093/geronb/58.2.s93 · Cited by 719 · see citing works
The Prevalence of Dementia in Europe: A Collaborative Study of 1980–1990 Findings
Albert Hofman, D., Rocca, W. A., Brayne, C., Breteler, M. M. B., Clarke, M., Cooper, B. K., Copeland, J. R. M., Dartigues, J. F., Droux, A. D. S., Hagnell, O., et al. (1991) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/20.3.736 · Cited by 667 · see citing works
Keys, A. B. (1966) · Acta Medica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.0954-6820.1966.tb04737.x · Cited by 588 · see citing works
Johnson, N. J., Backlund, E., Sorlie, P. D., & Loveless, C. A. (2000) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/s1047-2797(99)00052-6 · Cited by 580 · see citing works
Social and Leisure Activities and Risk of Dementia: A Prospective Longitudinal Study
Fabrigoule, C., Letenneur, L., Dartigues, J. F., Zarrouk, M., Commenges, D., & Barberger‐Gateau, P. (1995) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.1995.tb06093.x · Cited by 418 · see citing works
Waldron, I., Hughes, M. E., & Brooks, T. L. (1996) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/0277-9536(95)00347-9 · Cited by 404 · see citing works
Caspersen, C. J., Bloemberg, B. P. M., Saris, W. H. M., Merritt, R. K., & Kromhout, D. (1991) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115821 · Cited by 331 · see citing works
Self-citationPhysical activity in relation to cognitive decline in elderly men: The FINE Study
van Gelder, B. M., Tijhuis, M. A. R., Kalmijn, S., Giampaoli, S., Nissinen, A., & Kromhout, D. (2004) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000147474.29994.35 · Cited by 311 · see citing works
Self-citationMini‐Mental State Exam Scores Vary with Education in Blacks and Whites
Murden, R. A., McRae, T. D., Kaner, S., & Bucknam, M. E. (1991) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.1991.tb01617.x · Cited by 298 · see citing works
Cigarette Smoking and Alcohol Consumption in Relation to Cognitive Performance in Middle Age
Kalmijn, S. (2002) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwf135 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Self-citation&NA;, &. (1993) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/00004872-199309000-00004 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
Hoeymans, N., Feskens, E. J. M., van den Bos, G. A. M., & Kromhout, D. (1996) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/0895-4356(96)00210-7 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
Self-citationCrowe, M., Andel, R., Pedersen, N. L., Johansson, B., & Gatz, M. (2003) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences · doi:10.1093/geronb/58.5.p249 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Zanchetti, A., Chalmers, J. P., Arakawa, K., Gyarfas, I., Hamet, P., Hansson, L., Julius, S., MacMahon, S. W., Mancia, G., Ménard, J., et al. (1993) · Journal of Hypertension · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Gender Differences in the Depressive Effect of Widowhood in Later Life
Lee, G. R., DeMaris, A., Bavin, S., & Sullivan, R. (2001) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/56.1.s56 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Tijdschrift voor Gerontologie en Geriatrie
(2020) · Tijdschrift voor Gerontologie en Geriatrie · doi:10.36613/tgg.1875-6832 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Kalmijn, S., Launer, L. J., Stolk, R. P., de Jong, F. H., Pols, H. A. P., Albert Hofman, D., Breteler, M. M. B., & Lamberts, S. W. J. (1998) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.83.10.5164 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Self-citationMarital status and risk of Alzheimer’s disease: A French population-based cohort study
Helmer, C., Damon, D., Letenneur, L., Fabrigoule, C., Barberger-Gateau, P., Lafont, S., Fuhrer, R., Antonucci, T., Commenges, D., Orgogozo, J. M., et al. (1999) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.53.9.1953 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Screening for Dementia and Investigating Its Causes
Siu, A. L. (1991) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-115-2-122 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Social networks and mortality based on the Komo-Ise cohort study in Japan
Iwasaki, M., Otani, T., Sunaga, R., Miyazaki, H., Liu, X., Wang, N., Sasazawa, Y., & Suzuki, S. (2002) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/31.6.1208 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Which influences cognitive function: living alone or being alone?
Berkman, L. F. (2000) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(00)02107-3 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Cannabis Use and Cognitive Decline in Persons under 65 Years of Age
Lyketsos, C. G., Garrett, E., Liang, K.-Y., & Anthony, J. C. (1999) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009894 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Bijnen, F. C. H., Feskens, E. J. M., Caspersen, C. J., Giampaoli, S., Nissinen, A. M., Menotti, A., Mosterd, W. L., & Kromhout, D. (1996) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a008785 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Self-citationUse It or Lose It — Do Effortful Mental Activities Protect against Dementia?
Coyle, J. T. (2003) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmp030051 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Kim, K. R., Nam, S. Y., Song, Y. D., Lim, S. K., Lee, H. C., & Huh, K. B. (1999) · Hormone Research in Paediatrics · doi:10.1159/000023319 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Scoring nonresponse on the Mini-Mental State Examination
Fillenbaum, G. G., George, L. K., & Blazer, D. G. (1988) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291700009946 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Overview of Incidence Studies of Dementia Conducted in Europe
Launer, L. J. (1992) · Neuroepidemiology · doi:10.1159/000110954 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Can Late Life Social or Leisure Activities Delay the Onset of Dementia?
Katzman, R. (1995) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.1995.tb06112.x · Cited by 46 · see citing works
The Effect of the Living Situation on the Severity of Dementia at Diagnosis
Sibley, A. K., MacKnight, C., Rockwood, K. J., Fisk, J. D., Gauthier, S. G., Guzman, D., & Hogan, D. B. (2001) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders · doi:10.1159/000048632 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Leisure Activities and the Risk of Dementia
Vinkers, D. J., Gussekloo, J., & Westendorp, R. G. J. (2003) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm200309253491316 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
[Are active neurons a better defense against aging in Alzheimer's disease?].
Lucassen, P. J., Someren, E. J. W. V., & Swaab, D. F. (1998) · PubMed · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Understanding the impact of sex and gender in Alzheimer’s disease: A call to action
Nebel, R. A., Aggarwal, N. T., Barnes, L. L., Gallagher, A., Goldstein, J. M., Kantarci, K., Mallampalli, M. P., Mormino, E. C., Scott, L., Yu, W. H., et al. (2018) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2018.04.008 · Cited by 839 · see citing works
Plassman, B. L., Williams, J. W., Burke, J. R., Holsinger, T., & Benjamin, S. (2010) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-153-3-201008030-00258 · Cited by 681 · see citing works
Are loneliness and social isolation associated with cognitive decline?
Lara, E., Caballero, F. F., Rico‐Uribe, L. A., Olaya, B., Haro, J. M., Ayuso‐Mateos, J. L., & Miret, M. (2019) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.5174 · Cited by 423 · see citing works
Gow, A. J., Pattie, A., Whiteman, M. C., Whalley, L. J., & Deary, I. J. (2007) · Journal of Individual Differences · doi:10.1027/1614-0001.28.3.103 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Which Social Network or Support Factors are Associated with Cognitive Abilities in Old Age?
Gow, A. J., Corley, J., Starr, J. M., & Deary, I. J. (2013) · Gerontology · doi:10.1159/000351265 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Living alone and cognitive function in later life
Evans, I. E. M., Llewellyn, D. J., Matthews, F. E., Woods, R. T., Brayne, C., & Clare, L. (2019) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2018.12.014 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Okamoto, S., Kobayashi, E., Murayama, H., Liang, J., Fukaya, T., & Shinkai, S. (2021) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-020-01990-1 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Wang, B., He, P., & Dong, B. (2015) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2015.01.002 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Social resources and cognitive ageing across 30 years: The Glostrup 1914 Cohort
Gow, A. J., & Mortensen, E. L. (2016) · Age and Ageing · doi:10.1093/ageing/afw070 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Sociodemographic and lifestyle risk factors for incident dementia and cognitive decline in the HYVET
Peters, R., Beckett, N., Geneva, M., Tzekova, M., Lu, F. H., Poulter, R., Gainsborough, N., Williams, B., de Vernejoul, M.-C., Fletcher, A., et al. (2009) · Age and Ageing · doi:10.1093/ageing/afp094 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
- Authors
- van Gelder, B. M., Tijhuis, M., Kalmijn, S., Giampaoli, S., Nissinen, A., & Kromhout, D.
- Affiliations
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (NL)
- University Medical Center Utrecht (NL)
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità (IT)
- ORCID
- Giampaoli, S.
- Venue
- The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2006-07-01
- Volume
- 61
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- P213-P219
- ISSN
- 1079-5014 (ISSN-L)
- 1758-5368
- OpenAlex
- W2100551304
- Cited by
- 197
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 4.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Journals of Gerontology Series B (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Socio-Environmental Systems Modeling (acceptedVersion)
- Rivm Repository (Netherlands National Institute for Public Health and the Environment) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- European Commission
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Aging, Health, and Disability
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Keywords
- marital status, living alone, cognitive decline, older men, widowhood, living arrangements, Mini-Mental State Examination
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Cognition Disorders, Depression, Finland, Follow-Up Studies, Health Status, Humans, Hypertension, International Cooperation, Italy, Male, Netherlands, Neuropsychological Tests, Surveys and Questionnaires, Severity of Illness Index, Social Environment, Incidence, Prevalence, Marital Status
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
