Psychological adjustment and psychosocial stress among Japanese couples with a history of recurrent pregnancy loss
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Little is known about the effects of recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) on the psychological adjustment of couples. The aim of this study was to elucidate psychological adjustment and RPL-associated psychosocial stress affecting Japanese couples with a history of RPL, focusing on gender differences and quality of the marital relationship. METHODS: The study included 76 RPL couples who visited the outpatient clinic of a tertiary hospital. They completed self-administered questionnaires that assessed RPL-associated stress, quality of their marital relationship (Quality Marriage Index, QMI), depression (Beck Depression Index) and anxiety (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory). RESULTS: Women showed significantly higher levels of depression, anxiety and RPL-associated personal and social stress compared with men. Although there were no differences in QMI scores and RPL-associated marital stress between men and women, women with a low perception of marital relationship quality (low QMI) had significantly higher levels of depression and anxiety compared with women with a moderate or high QMI. In contrast, depression and anxiety scores did not differ according to the quality of the marital relationship among men. Of 76 couples, 26 men (34%) and 45 women (59%) who had considered professional mental health consultations regarding their RPL status but had not yet initiated the process were more depressed and anxious than 48 men and 24 women, respectively, who had never considered such consultation. CONCLUSIONS: Women were significantly more distressed than men. Poor quality of the marital relationship was significantly associated with impaired psychological adjustment among women, but not among men. These gender discrepancies may foster a mutual worsening of psychological adjustment and marital relationships in RPL couples. The need to seek help not only in women but also in a substantial portion of men suggests the importance of couple-based psychological care in the management of RPL.
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Quantitative and mixed methods studies indicated that men tended to have less intense and less enduring levels of negative psychological outcomes than women after pregnancy loss.
“Quantitative and mixed methods studies indicated that while men tended to have less intense and less enduring levels of negative psychological outcomes than women”
From The impact of pregnancy loss on men’s health and wellbeing: a systematic review (2017) · cites this paper as [25]
The Introduction (p. 2) says men’s distress shortly after pregnancy loss is less intense than women’s, and the Discussion (p. 6) reports higher depression and anxiety among women in this study. The paper does not establish that men’s negative psychological outcomes are less enduring; its study was cross-sectional (Discussion, p. 7). (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMen tended to have less intense and less enduring levels of grief, depression, stress and anxiety than women after pregnancy loss.
“they tended to have less intense and less enduring levels of these psychological outcomes than did women [7, 23–30].”
From The impact of pregnancy loss on men’s health and wellbeing: a systematic review (2017) · cites this paper as [25]
The Results (p. 1) report higher depression, anxiety, and RPL-associated personal and social stress in women than men, and the Introduction (p. 2) describes men's distress shortly after loss as less intense. The paper does not establish that men's grief or other psychological outcomes are less enduring than women's; its timing findings concern women rather than a comparison of duration between genders. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMen utilised varying coping strategies, including focusing on work as a distraction, after pregnancy loss.
“utilised varying coping strategies, including focusing on work as a distraction [23–25, 33–36].”
From The impact of pregnancy loss on men’s health and wellbeing: a systematic review (2017) · cites this paper as [25]
The Discussion (p. 6) describes men turning to work to take their minds off things as an example of active-avoidance coping. It identifies the evidence for that example as coming from studies of infertility-related stress, however, rather than showing that men used this strategy after pregnancy loss. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMen had difficulty accessing support after pregnancy loss.
“had difficulty accessing support”
From The impact of pregnancy loss on men’s health and wellbeing: a systematic review (2017) · cites this paper as [25]
The Help-seeking behavior section (p. 6) reports that 26 of 76 men had considered professional consultation after recurrent pregnancy loss but had not obtained it. The Discussion (p. 7) says only two men had consulted a professional and that the reasons for the low consultation rate remain unknown. This supports an unmet need for support, but not a demonstrated difficulty accessing it. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMen had elevated results on avoidance scales after pregnancy loss.
“had elevated results on avoidance scales”
From The impact of pregnancy loss on men’s health and wellbeing: a systematic review (2017) · cites this paper as [25]
The Discussion (p. 6) says men may avoid talking about pregnancy loss and discusses active-avoidance coping. It does not report elevated scores for men on an avoidance scale; the study’s listed measures are depression, anxiety, marital quality and RPL-associated stress (Methods, p. 1). (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Relatively few quantitative or qualitative studies recruited only fathers, or aimed specifically to explore men's experiences of loss.
“Relatively few quantitative [18, 25, 27, 32, 33, 35] or qualitative studies [10, 42–45, 47] recruited only fathers, or aimed specifically to explore men’s experiences of loss.”
From The impact of pregnancy loss on men’s health and wellbeing: a systematic review (2017) · cites this paper as [25]
The Participants section (p. 2) describes a quantitative questionnaire study that included men experiencing recurrent pregnancy loss. However, it recruited couples, not only fathers, and the Introduction (p. 2) says its aim was to study both partners and their relationship rather than specifically men's experiences. This paper alone also does not establish that such studies were relatively few. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredKagami et al. found that women showed significantly higher levels of depression and anxiety following a pregnancy loss compared to men.
“Kagami et al. [25] found that women showed significantly higher levels of depression and anxiety following a pregnancy loss compared to men”
From The impact of pregnancy loss on men’s health and wellbeing: a systematic review (2017) · cites this paper as [25]
Men were typically hesitant to disclose their feelings after pregnancy loss.
“men were typically hesitant to disclose their feelings”
From The impact of pregnancy loss on men’s health and wellbeing: a systematic review (2017) · cites this paper as [25]
The association between women's higher depression and anxiety after pregnancy loss and poor quality of the marital relationship was significant.
“and this was significantly associated with poor quality of the marital relationship.”
From The impact of pregnancy loss on men’s health and wellbeing: a systematic review (2017) · cites this paper as [25]
Men reported many of the same feelings of grief, depression, stress and anxiety as women after pregnancy loss.
“while men reported many of the same feelings of grief, depression, stress and anxiety as women”
From The impact of pregnancy loss on men’s health and wellbeing: a systematic review (2017) · cites this paper as [25]
Almost all quantitative studies and a smaller number of qualitative studies primarily included men as part of a heterosexual couple, with men often recruited through their female partners.
“almost all of the quantitative studies [7, 16–18, 23–35, 37, 38] and a smaller number of the qualitative studies [39, 40, 46] primarily included men as part of a heterosexual couple, with men often recruited through their female partners.”
From The impact of pregnancy loss on men’s health and wellbeing: a systematic review (2017) · cites this paper as [25]
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“…(RPL), defined as two or more losses, is also common; an estimated 5–6% of ever-pregnant individuals and up to 16% of parous individuals experience RPL. 7,8 RPL can be devastating for pregnant individuals and their families 9–11 and is associated with a poorer prognosis for subsequent pregnancies.”
Anxietatea ca răspuns psihoemoțional în pierderile reproductive precoce
Iliadi-Tulbure, C., Marandiuc, B., Andrei, E., & Rareș-Mihai, L. (2026) · Akademos · doi:10.52673/18570461.25.4-79.07
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- Authors
- Kagami, M., Maruyama, T., Koizumi, T., Miyazaki, K., Nishikawa-Uchida, S., Oda, H., Uchida, H., Fujisawa, D., Ozawa, N., Schmidt, L., & Yoshimura, Y.
- Affiliations
- Keio University (JP)
- National Center For Child Health and Development (JP)
- University of Copenhagen (DK)
- Corresponding author
- Maruyama, T.
- Venue
- Human Reproduction
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2012-01-02
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 787-794
- ISSN
- 0268-1161 (ISSN-L)
- 1460-2350
- OpenAlex
- W2098388465
- Cited by
- 73
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 2
- FWCI
- 2.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Human Reproduction (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (21592108, 24791252, 23659783)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Reproductive Health and Technologies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
- Keywords
- recurrent pregnancy loss, couples, psychological adjustment, psychosocial stress, marital quality, gender differences, depression, anxiety, Japanese couples, mental health consultation
- MeSH terms
- Abortion, Habitual, Anxiety, Depression, Family Characteristics, Female, Humans, Japan, Male, Marriage, Sex Factors, Stress, Psychological
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