Cited by 1,173Sodium Intake and HealthBlood Pressure and Hypertension StudiesNutritional Studies and Diet

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 157 of the 157 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Salt intakes around the world: implications for public health

Brown, I. J, Tzoulaki, I., Candeias, V., Elliott, P.·2009·International Journal of Epidemiology

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

BACKGROUND: High levels of dietary sodium (consumed as common salt, sodium chloride) are associated with raised blood pressure and adverse cardiovascular health. Despite this, public health efforts to reduce sodium consumption remain limited to a few countries. Comprehensive, contemporaneous sodium intake data from around the world are needed to inform national/international public health initiatives to reduce sodium consumption. METHODS: Use of standardized 24-h sodium excretion estimates for adults from the international INTERSALT (1985-87) and INTERMAP (1996-99) studies, and recent dietary and urinary sodium data from observational or interventional studies--identified by a comprehensive search of peer-reviewed and 'grey' literature--presented separately for adults and children. Review of methods for the estimation of sodium intake/excretion. Main food sources of sodium are presented for several Asian, European and Northern American countries, including previously unpublished INTERMAP data. RESULTS: Sodium intakes around the world are well in excess of physiological need (i.e. 10-20 mmol/day). Most adult populations have mean sodium intakes >100 mmol/day, and for many (particularly the Asian countries) mean intakes are >200 mmol/day. Possible exceptions include estimates from Cameroon, Ghana, Samoa, Spain, Taiwan, Tanzania, Uganda and Venezuela, though methodologies were sub-optimal and samples were not nationally representative. Sodium intakes were commonly >100 mmol/day in children over 5 years old, and increased with age. In European and Northern American countries, sodium intake is dominated by sodium added in manufactured foods ( approximately 75% of intake). Cereals and baked goods were the single largest contributor to dietary sodium intake in UK and US adults. In Japan and China, salt added at home (in cooking and at the table) and soy sauce were the largest sources. CONCLUSIONS: Unfavourably high sodium intakes remain prevalent around the world. Sources of dietary sodium vary largely worldwide. If policies for salt reduction at the population level are to be effective, policy development and implementation needs to target the main source of dietary sodium in the various populations.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1093/ije/dyp139

Cites

157 of 157 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Effects on Blood Pressure of Reduced Dietary Sodium and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) Diet
Sacks, F. M., Svetkey, L. P., Vollmer, W. M., Appel, L. J., Bray, G. A., Harsha, D., Obarzanek, E., Conlin, P. R., Miller, E. R., Simons-Morton, D. G., et al. (2001) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm200101043440101 · Cited by 5,638
Diet, nutrition and the prevention of chronic diseases
Joint, W. (2002) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 4,890
Bulletin of the World Health Organization
C., N. H. (1955) · British Journal of Sociology · doi:10.2307/587237 · Cited by 3,663
Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases
Yusuf, S., Reddy, S., Ôunpuu, S., & Anand, S. S. (2001) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/hc4601.099487 · Cited by 3,014
Relation between consumption of sugar-sweetened drinks and childhood obesity: a prospective, observational analysis
Ludwig, D. S., Peterson, K. E., & Gortmaker, S. L. (2001) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(00)04041-1 · Cited by 2,414
Intersalt: an international study of electrolyte excretion and blood pressure. Results for 24 hour urinary sodium and potassium excretion. Intersalt Cooperative Research Group.
(1988) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.297.6644.319 · Cited by 2,213
McCance and Widdowson's The Composition of Foods
England, P. H. (2002) · Royal Society of Chemistry eBooks · doi:10.1039/9781849735551 · Cited by 2,209
The Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine
(2003) · Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0022-2143(03)00127-6 · Cited by 1,803
Intersalt: An international study of electrolyte excretion and blood pressure. Results for 24 hour urinary sodium and potassium excretion
Rose, G. A., Stamler, J., Stamler, R., Elliott, P., Marmot, M. G., Pyörälä, K., Kesteloot, H., Joossens, J. V., Hansson, L. ‐., Mancia, G., et al. (1988) · Cited by 1,281
Self-citation
Sodium Reduction and Weight Loss in the Treatment of Hypertension in Older Persons: A Randomized Controlled Trial of Nonpharmacologic Interventions in the Elderly (TONE)
Whelton, P. K., Appel, L. J., Espeland, M. A., Applegate, W. B., Ettinger, Jr., Kostis, J. B., Kumanyika, S., Lacy, C. R., Johnson, K. C., Folmar, S., et al. (1998) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.279.11.839 · Cited by 1,200

Show all 157 references

Research works printed but not linked: 14

1962, 3, 313
Froment, 1979, Revue d' pid miologie et de sant publique, 27, 437
Rose, 1989, Journal of human hypertension, 3, 283
1964, 19, 735
1987, NUTR ABSTR REV A HUM EXP, 57, 705
Baldwin, 1960, The Journal of laboratory and clinical medicine, 55, 362
1998, SCAND J NUTR, 42, 13
Wu, 1991, Chinese medical sciences journal = Chung-kuo i hs eh k'o hs eh tsa chih / Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 6, 148
1980, Hypertension, 2, 78, 10.1161/01.HYP.2.4.78 · DOI
1998, RIV PEDIATR PREV SOC, 38, 59
1980, Hypertension, 2, 93, 10.1161/01.HYP.2.4.93 · DOI
2003, ADV DATA VITAL HEALTH STAT, 334, 1
Heino, 2000, Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992), 89, 406, 10.1080/080352500750028096 · DOI
Joshi, 2003, Indian pediatrics, 40, 24

Sorted by citations

Items 601–700 of 1,000

Excessive Sodium Intake Leads to Cardiovascular Disease by Promoting Sex-Specific Dysfunction of Murine Heart
Chen, X., Wu, H., & Huang, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.830738 · Cited by 12
Encapsulated sodium supplementation of 4weeks does not alter salt taste preferences in a controlled low sodium and low potassium diet
Bolhuis, D. P., Gijsbers, L., de Jager, I., Geleijnse, J. M., & de Graaf, K. C. (2015) · Food Quality and Preference · doi:10.1016/j.foodqual.2015.07.005 · Cited by 13
Optimization of Low Sodium Salts Mix for Shoestring Potatoes
Pereira, H. C., de Souza, V. R., Azevedo, N. C., Rodrigues, D. M., Nunes, C. A., & Pinheiro, A. C. M. (2015) · Journal of Food Science · doi:10.1111/1750-3841.12884 · Cited by 13
Effect of Contrasted Sodium Diets on the Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamic Effects of Renin–Angiotensin System Blockers
Azizi, M., Blanchard, A., Charbit, B., Wuerzner, G., Peyrard, S., Ezan, É., Funck‐Brentano, C., & Ménard, J. (2013) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.113.01196 · Cited by 13
“However, even though most adult populations have mean sodium intakes >100 mmol/d, still for many, mean intakes are >200 mmol/d (reaching up to 272 mmol sodium/d in China).(32) In populations with such high sodium intake, our findings may have a clinical impact which deserves to be further evaluated.”
Background
Promoting populationwide salt reduction in the South-East Asia Region: current status and future directions
Mohan, S. (2013) · Cited by 13
Increased exposure to sodium during pregnancy and lactation changes basal and induced behavioral and neuroendocrine responses in adult male offspring
Silva, M. S., Lucio-Oliveira, F., Mecawi, A. S., de Almeida, L. F., Ruginsk, S. G., Greenwood, M. P., Greenwood, M., Vivas, L., Elias, L. L. K., Murphy, D., et al. (2017) · Physiological Reports · doi:10.14814/phy2.13210 · Cited by 12
“For instance, the excessive Na+ intake is not only associated with the development and maintenance of chronic diseases in adults (Brown et al. 2009), but also could affect the development/function of the osmoregulatory systems that control thirst, sodium appetite, and neuroendocrine release of…”
Background
Association between salinity and hospital admission for hypertension: an ecological case–control study in the Mekong Delta Region in Vietnam
Talukder, M. R., Rutherford, S., Chu, C. M.-Y., Nguyen, T. H., & Phung, D. T. (2017) · Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdx041 · Cited by 13
Comparison between Central and Brachial Blood Pressure in Hypertensive Elderly Women and Men
Pelazza, B. B., & Filho, S. R. F. (2017) · International Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1155/2017/6265823 · Cited by 13
Blood Pressure Regulation: Reviewing Evidence for Interplay Between Common Dietary Sugars and Table Salt
Preuss, H. G., Clouatre, D. L., Swaroop, A., Bagchi, M., Bagchi, D., & Kaats, G. R. (2017) · Journal of the American College of Nutrition · doi:10.1080/07315724.2017.1345338 · Cited by 13
Salt-Related Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviors on Efate Island, Vanuatu
Rosewarne, E., Paterson, K., Santos, J. A., Trieu, K., Hinge, N., Tarivonda, L., Snowdon, W., Johnson, C., & Webster, J. L. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16061027 · Cited by 13
“Most populations exceed this recommendation, and in fact, the worldwide mean salt intake is estimated to be almost 10 g/day, double the guideline [8,9].”
Background
Assessment of Sodium Knowledge and Urinary Sodium Excretion among Regions of the United Arab Emirates: A Cross-Sectional Study
Jarrar, A. H., Stojanovska, L., Apostolopoulos, V., Ismail, L. C., Feehan, J., Ohuma, E. O., Ahmad, A. Z., Alnoaimi, A. A., Khaili, L. S. A., Allowch, N. H., et al. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12092747 · Cited by 14
“Unfavorably high sodium intake remains prevalent worldwide and varies widely, ranging from 4–17 g/day, with mainland China having the greatest intake, and some less developed island nations the lowest [12], but for many countries it remains well above the World Health Organization (WHO) recommendation of less than 5 g…”
Background
Dietary sodium and iodine in remote Indigenous Australian communities: will salt-reduction strategies increase risk of iodine deficiency? A cross-sectional analysis and simulation study
McMahon, E., Webster, J. L., O’Dea, K., & Brimblecombe, J. K. (2015) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-015-2686-1 · Cited by 13
“As most sodium comes from processed foods [25], current focus of population saltreduction strategies is on product reformulation [26].”
Background
Cardiovascular Disease Burden Attributable to High Sodium Intake in China: A Longitudinal Study from 1990 to 2019
Jiang, L., Shen, W., Wang, A., Fang, H., Wang, Q., Li, H., Liu, S., Shen, Y., & Liu, A. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16091307 · Cited by 12
“Males have higher intake and excretion of sodium compared to females, as reported in presumed studies, suggesting that levels of sodium exposure in the internal environment between males and females may well account for gender differences in HSI-related burdens [24–26].”
Result
Dietary Sodium and Potassium Intakes and Kidney Stone Prevalence: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011–2018
Tang, J., Sammartino, C. J., & Chonchol, M. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16142198 · Cited by 12
Is a Hypertension Diagnosis Associated With Improved Dietary Outcomes Within 2 to 4 Years? A Fixed‐Effects Analysis From the China Health and Nutrition Survey
Aburto, T. C., Gordon‐Larsen, P., Poti, J. M., Howard, A. G., Adair, L. S., Avery, C. L., & Popkin, B. M. (2019) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.119.012703 · Cited by 12
“14,23,24 Since the sodium in processed foods is added during the manufacturing process and cannot be removed by consumers (as opposed to table salt added by the consumer), personal efforts to reduce sodium intake on a typical Western diet might not be effective.”
Background
Forecasting disability-adjusted life years for chronic diseases: reference and alternative scenarios of salt intake for 2017–2040 in Japan
Nomura, S., Yoneoka, D., Tanaka, S., Ishizuka, A., Ueda, P., Nakamura, K., Uneyama, H., Hayashi, N., & Shibuya, K. (2020) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-020-09596-3 · Cited by 12
Exploring the impact of soil and water salinity on dietary behavior and health risk of coastal communities in Bangladesh
Shuvo, S. D., Zahid, M. A., Rahman, M. M., & Parvin, R. (2020) · Journal of Water and Health · doi:10.2166/wh.2020.145 · Cited by 12
Household Cooking and Eating out: Food Practices and Perceptions of Salt/Sodium Consumption in Costa Rica
Blanco‐Metzler, A., Núñez-Rivas, H. P., Vega-Solano, J., Montero-Campos, M. D. L. Á., Benavides-Aguilar, K., & Cubillo-Rodríguez, N. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18031208 · Cited by 15
“In developed countries, sodium comes mainly from processed foods [16].”
Background
Assessing the Impact of Salt Reduction Initiatives on the Chronic Disease Burden of Singapore
Tan, K. W., Quaye, S. E. D., Koo, J. R., Lim, J. T., Cook, A. R., & Dickens, B. S. L. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13041171 · Cited by 12
High-Salt Attenuates the Efficacy of Dapagliflozin in Tubular Protection by Impairing Fatty Acid Metabolism in Diabetic Kidney Disease
Zou, M., Chen, Y., Zheng, Z., Sheng, S., Jia, Y., Wang, X., Ren, S., Yang, Y.-L., Li, X., Dong, W., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2021.741087 · Cited by 12
Reduction of Cardiovascular Events and Related Healthcare Expenditures through Achieving Population-Level Targets of Dietary Salt Intake in Japan: A Simulation Model Based on the National Health and Nutrition Survey
Ikeda, N., Yamashita, H., Hattori, J., Kato, H., Yoshita, K., & Nishi, N. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14173606 · Cited by 12
“In Japan, mean dietary salt intake decreased between the late twentieth and the early twenty-first centuries [17,18], but it remained at 9.”
Background
Increased salt intake during early ontogenesis lead to development of arterial hypertension in salt-resistant Wistar rats
Svitok, P., Molčan, Ľ., Veselá, A., Kružliak, P., Moravčík, R., & Zeman, M. (2014) · Clinical and Experimental Hypertension · doi:10.3109/10641963.2014.913610 · Cited by 12
“In developed countries, salt consumption is non-physiologically high (7–9) and has been constantly increasing (8,9).”
Background
High Sodium Intake: Review of Recent Issues on Its Association with Cardiovascular Events and Measurement Methods
Rhee, M. (2015) · Korean Circulation Journal · doi:10.4070/kcj.2015.45.3.175 · Cited by 13
Metabolic Medicine and Surgery
Rothkopf, M. M., Nusbaum, M. J., & RDN, C. (2014) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/b17616 · Cited by 12
Influence of sodium consumption and associated knowledge on poststroke hypertension in Uganda
Kaddumukasa, M., Katabira, E., Sajatovic, M., Pundik, S., Kaddumukasa, M., & Goldstein, L. (2016) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000003117 · Cited by 13
“A key strength of our study is in the use of the “gold standard” of 24-hour urine collection to estimate sodium intake.(10,11) This study, however, has some limitations.”
BackgroundMethod
The association between urinary sodium to potassium ratio and bone density in middle-aged Chinese adults
Cao, W., He, J., Chen, G. D., Wang, C., Qiu, R., & Chen, Y. (2016) · Osteoporosis International · doi:10.1007/s00198-016-3835-9 · Cited by 12
Age–period–cohort analysis of trends in blood pressure and body mass index in children and adolescents in Hong Kong
Kwok, M. K., Tu, Y., Kawachi, I. I., & Schooling, C. M. (2017) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech-2017-209491 · Cited by 12
Cardiovascular Disease–related Health Beliefs and Lifestyle Issues Among Karen Refugees Resettled in the United States From the Thai-Myanmar (Burma) Border
Kamimura, A., Sin, K., Pye, M., & Meng, H.-W. (2017) · Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health · doi:10.3961/jpmph.17.098 · Cited by 12
“However, high-salt intake is a global public health issue, and is particularly problematic in some Asian countries [21].”
Background
Estimation model for habitual 24-hour urinary-sodium excretion using simple questionnaires from normotensive Koreans
Kong, J.-S., Lee, Y., Kim, M. K., Choi, M., Heo, Y., Hyun, T. H., Kim, S. M., Lyu, E.-S., Oh, S., Park, H., et al. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0192588 · Cited by 12
Neuronal Circuits Involved in Osmotic Challenges
Moreira, M. C. D. S., Naves, L. M., Marques, S. M., SILVA, E. F., Rebelo, A. C. S., Colombari, E., & Pedrino, G. R. (2017) · Physiological Research · doi:10.33549/physiolres.933373 · Cited by 12
Economic damage associated with excess salt intake of Russian people in 2016
Balanova, Y. А., Васильевна, К. А., Myrzamatova, A. О., Mukaneeva, D. K., & Khudyakov, M. B. (2019) · CARDIOVASCULAR THERAPY AND PREVENTION · doi:10.15829/1728-8800-2019-4-62-68 · Cited by 11
Sodium Intake, Blood Pressure and Cardiovascular Disease
Rhee, M., & Jeong, Y. (2020) · Korean Circulation Journal · doi:10.4070/kcj.2020.0042 · Cited by 14
The strides to reduce salt intake in Brazil: have we done enough?
Nilson, E. A. F. (2015) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · doi:10.3978/j.issn.2223-3652.2015.04.03 · Cited by 12
“org shown excessive sodium intake, varying from 3,600 to 4,800 mg/person/day, equivalent to 9 to 12 g of salt (4), while the WHO’s recommendation states that sodium intake for adults should be less than 2,000 mg per day (5 g of salt per day).”
Background
Rationale, design, and baseline characteristics of the Salt Substitute in India Study (SSiIS): The protocol for a double‐blinded, randomized‐controlled trial
Thout, S. R., Yu, J., Tian, M., Huffman, M. D., Arnott, C. G., Li, Q., Praveen, D., Johnson, C., Pettigrew, S., Neal, B. C., et al. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Hypertension · doi:10.1111/jch.13947 · Cited by 12
Food sources and correlates of sodium and potassium intakes in Flemish pre-school children
Huybrechts, I., Keyzer, W. D., Lin, Y., Vandevijvere, S., Vereecken, C. A., Oyen, H. J. V., Tilleman, K., Bellemans, M., Maeyer, M. D., Backer, G. D., et al. (2011) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980011002497 · Cited by 14
“An important barrier is the high Na content of manufactured/industrial food products and food catering((44)).”
BackgroundInfluential
High sodium intake during postnatal phases induces an increase in arterial blood pressure in adult rats
Moreira, M. C. S., da Silva, E. F., Lima‐Silveira, L., de Paiva, Y. B., Castro, C. H., Freiria-Oliveira, A. H., Rosa, D. A., Ferreira, P. M., Xavier, C. H., Colombari, E., et al. (2014) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114514002918 · Cited by 12
“Taken together, the results of the present study indicate that high Na intake during the postnatal period can be more harmful than high Na intake during the perinatal period, as it promotes increases in spontaneous Na intake in adulthood, which is a risk factor for the development of several diseases((26,27,37,38)), s…”
Result
Cardiovascular risk associated with sodium-containing medicines
Wei, L., Mackenzie, I. S., MacDonald, T. M., & Casella, G. (2014) · Expert Opinion on Drug Safety · doi:10.1517/14740338.2014.970163 · Cited by 12
“Salt from the diet is the major source of sodium and the current salt intake in many countries is between 9 and 12 g/day [1].”
Background
Sodium and potassium intakes in the Kazakhstan population estimated using 24-h urinary excretion: evidence for national action
Trieu, K., Ospanova, F., Tazhibayev, S., Jewell, J. M., Breda, J., Santos, J. A., & Webster, J. L. (2020) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-020-02354-6 · Cited by 11
Pilot Study to Reduce Added Salt on a University Canteen through the Use of an Innovative Dosage Equipment
Faria, A. P., Padrão, P., Pinho, O., Silva-Santos, T., Oliveira, L., Esteves, S., Pereira, J. P., Graça, P., Moreira, P. A. M., & Gonçalves, C. (2022) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods11020149 · Cited by 11
“Indeed, the salt value in foods’ composition can vary considerably [20].”
Background
Health-related behaviours and hypertension prevention in Poland. An environmental study
Krzysztoszek, J., Wierzejska, E., Paczkowska, A., & Ratajczak, P. (2013) · Archives of Medical Science · doi:10.5114/aoms.2013.34419 · Cited by 11
“Most adult populations have mean sodium intakes > 100 mmol/day, and for many (particularly the Asian countries) mean intakes are > 200 mmol/day [30].”
Background
Effect of organic acids and NaCl on the rheological properties of dough prepared using Pembina and Harvest CWRS wheat cultivars
Stone, A. K., Lam, R. S. H., Hopkins, E. J., Hucl, P., Scanlon, M. G., & Nickerson, M. T. (2018) · Cereal Chemistry · doi:10.1002/cche.10050 · Cited by 11
Salt Appetite and its Effects on Cardiovascular Risk in Primary Aldosteronism
Adolf, C., Schneider, H., Heinrich, D. A., Handgriff, L., & Reincke, M. (2020) · Hormone and Metabolic Research · doi:10.1055/a-1116-2407 · Cited by 11
“[8] Brown IJ, Tzoulaki I, Candeias V et al.”
Background
Modulation of the Gut Microbiota by Fufang-Zhenzhu-Tiaozhi Capsule Attenuates Hypertension Induced by a High-Fructose and High-Salt Diet
Chen, Z., Yang, B., Wang, Z., Rong, X., Zhu, Q., & Guo, J. (2022) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2022.854849 · Cited by 11
“org 2 increased fructose and salt intakes globally exceed the amount needed in most populations, substantially increasing the risks for hypertension and metabolic abnormalities (Brown et al., 2009; Kelishadi et al., 2014; Shen et al., 2019; Taskinen et al., 2019).”
Background
Effect of low-sodium compound salt on the taste and volatile flavor of salt-baked chicken
Zhang, J., Feng, M., Zhang, Y., Han, M., & Sun, J. (2023) · International Journal of Gastronomy and Food Science · doi:10.1016/j.ijgfs.2023.100740 · Cited by 11
Antihypertensive effect of a fixed-dose combination of losartan /hydrochlorothiazide in patients with uncontrolled hypertension: a multicenter study
Hosoya, T., Kuriyama, S., Ohno, I., Kawamura, T., Ogura, M., Ikeda, M., Ishikawa, M., Hayashi, F., Kanai, T., Tomonari, H., et al. (2011) · Clinical and Experimental Nephrology · doi:10.1007/s10157-011-0564-4 · Cited by 11
“The potent antihypertensive effect of LOS/HCTZ may partially be derived from the characteristics of the Japanese, whose intake of salt is traditionally high with the main sources including soy sauce, miso, salted fish, and salt added at the table [14, 15].”
Background
Memory processes in the development of reduced-salt foods
Herbert, V., Bertenshaw, E. J., Zandstra, E. H., & Brunstrom, J. M. (2014) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2014.08.019 · Cited by 12
“Therefore, these foods are often targeted in efforts to reduce exposure (Brown et al., 2009; Dotsch et al., 2009; Nijman et al., 2006).”
Background
Relationship between urinary sodium excretion and serum aldosterone in patients with diabetes in the presence and absence of modifiers of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system
Libianto, R., Jerums, G., Lam, Q. T., Chen, A., Baqar, S., Pyrlis, F., MacIsaac, R. J., Moran, J. L., & Ekinci, E. I. (2013) · Clinical Science · doi:10.1042/cs20130128 · Cited by 11
The relationship between repeated measurement of casual and 24-h urinary sodium-to-potassium ratio in patients with chronic kidney disease
Okuyama, Y., Uchida, H. A., Iwahori, T., Segawa, H., Kato, A., Takeuchi, H., Kakio, Y., Umebayashi, R., Kitagawa, M., Sugiyama, H., et al. (2018) · Journal of Human Hypertension · doi:10.1038/s41371-018-0127-1 · Cited by 11
Understanding Barriers and Enablers to State Action on Salt: Analysis of Stakeholder Perceptions of the VicHealth Salt Reduction Partnership
McKenzie, B. L., Trieu, K., Grimes, C. A., Reimers, J., & Webster, J. L. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11010184 · Cited by 10
“Reducing the consumption and production of processed packaged foods is crucial to improving population health [34,35], however, food reformulation is fundamental to population salt reduction in Australia given that the majority (~75–80%) of dietary salt comes from processed packaged foods [5].”
Sodium Content of Foods Sold in the Spanish Market. Results from the BADALI Project
Beltrá, M., Borrás, F., & Ropero, A. B. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13103410 · Cited by 11
“Most sodium intake in Europe and Northern American countries comes from salt added in manufactured foods (around 75% of the total intake) [16].”
Background
Nutrient Intakes among Brazilian Children Need Improvement and Show Differences by Region and Socioeconomic Level
Anater, A. S., Hampton, J. C., Lopes, T. D. V. C., Giuntini, E. B., Campos, V. C., Harnack, L., Peasley, J. M. L., & Eldridge, A. L. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14030485 · Cited by 11
“This is not unexpected, because it is well-documented that intakes of added sugars increase with age [34,35].”
Background
Sodium and ready meals: a survey of Irish consumer awareness
Mitchell, M., Brunton, N. P., & Wilkinson, M. G. (2011) · International Journal of Consumer Studies · doi:10.1111/j.1470-6431.2011.00997.x · Cited by 12
Knowledge, attitudes and perception on dietary salt reduction of two communities in Grahamstown, South Africa
Mushoriwa, F., Townsend, N. P., & Srinivas, S. (2017) · Nutrition and Health · doi:10.1177/0260106016685725 · Cited by 11
The combination of obesity and high salt intake are associated with blood pressure elevation among healthy Japanese adolescents
Sougawa, Y., Miyai, N., Morioka, I., Utsumi, M., Takeda, S., Miyashita, K., & Arita, M. (2019) · Journal of Human Hypertension · doi:10.1038/s41371-019-0239-2 · Cited by 12
Sodium concentration of pre-packaged foods sold in Hong Kong
Wong, A. S. C., Coyle, D. H., Wu, J. H. Y., & Louie, J. C. Y. (2020) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980020002360 · Cited by 11
“containing pre-packaged foods in the food supply, which are the leading source of dietary Na in many countries(15,16).”
Background
Sodium content targets for pre-packaged foods, China: a quantitative study and proposal
Zhang, P., Zhang, J., Li, Y., Dong, L., He, F. J., Brown, M. K., Pettigrew, S., Webster, J. L., Yamamoto, R., Nishida, C., et al. (2023) · Bulletin of the World Health Organization · doi:10.2471/blt.23.289992 · Cited by 10
“In many developed countries, pre-packaged food accounts for more than three quarters of population sodium intake.(11) Consequently, one of the best strategies for reducing sodium intake has been to harness the food industry to reformulate products by gradually lowering targets for sodium content.”
Background
Does dietary salt induce autoimmunity?
Croxford, A. L., Waisman, A., & Becher, B. (2013) · Cell Research · doi:10.1038/cr.2013.65 · Cited by 10
Cooking parameters affect the sodium content of prepared pasta
Bianchi, L. M., Phillips, K. M., McGinty, R. C., Ahuja, J. K. C., & Pehrsson, P. R. (2018) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.07.198 · Cited by 11
Electrolytes and Cardiovascular Disease Risk
Bennett, J. P., Deslippe, A. L., Crosby, C., Belles, S., & Banna, J. C. (2020) · American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine · doi:10.1177/1559827620915708 · Cited by 12
“age, dietary habits, socioeconomic status, and culture.(5,6) Estimates of daily intake in”
Background
Association between Milk Intake and Incident Stroke among Japanese Community Dwellers: The Iwate-KENCO Study
Tanno, K., Yonekura, Y., Okuda, N., Kuribayashi, T., Yabe, E., Tsubota‐Utsugi, M., Omama, S., Onoda, T., Ohsawa, M., Ogasawara, K., et al. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13113781 · Cited by 10
“However, we believe that our findings may be generalizable to the East Asian population, which share some common characteristics such as low milk intake, high salt intake [53], and relatively low levels of obesity [54] with Japanese populations.”
Background
Mean population salt intake in Iran: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Pourkhajoei, S., Yazdi‐Feyzabadi, V., Amiresmaeili, M., Nakhaee, N., & Goudarzi, R. (2022) · Health Science Reports · doi:10.1002/hsr2.855 · Cited by 10
“However, implementing health programs without proper planning and knowledge might waste resources.(69) As a result, research can be conducted to discover barriers and facilitators, predispose to change programs and increase effectiveness, and advocate for the adoption of salt reduction legislation.”
Background
Blood pressure in the longevous population with different status of hypertension and frailty
Wang, H., Wang, J., Wang, Q. K., Yang, C., Huang, Y., & Chen, M. (2023) · Hypertension Research · doi:10.1038/s41440-023-01499-1 · Cited by 11
“Compared with the Caucasian in western countries, the Asian has the different physique and diet pattern [40, 41].”
Preference of food saltiness and willingness to consume low-sodium content food in a Chinese population
Chau, P. H., Ngai, H. H. Y., Leung, A. Y. M., Li, S. F., Yeung, L. O. Y., & Tan-Un, K. C. (2016) · The journal of nutrition health & aging · doi:10.1007/s12603-016-0732-z · Cited by 10
“In developed countries, excessive sodium intake was more a problem than low sodium intake (2).”
Urinary sodium is positively associated with urinary free cortisol and total cortisol metabolites in a cross-sectional sample of Australian schoolchildren aged 5–12 years and their mothers
Torres, S. J., Grimes, C. A., Nowson, C. A., Jayasinghe, S. U., Bruce, C. R., Mason, S. A., He, F. J., & Turner, A. I. (2018) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114518003148 · Cited by 10
“In most developed countries, adults consume too much Na and this has also been observed in children, with intakes far exceeding dietary recommendations((5)).”
Background
Blood pressure risk factors in early adolescents: results from a Ugandan birth cohort
Lule, S. A., Namara, B. G., Akurut, H., Lubyayi, L., Nampijja, M., Akello, F., Tumusiime, J., Aujo, J. C., Oduru, G., Mentzer, A. J., et al. (2019) · Journal of Human Hypertension · doi:10.1038/s41371-019-0178-y · Cited by 10
Impact of High Salt Diet on Cerebral Vascular Function and Stroke in Tff3−/−/C57BL/6N Knockout and WT (C57BL/6N) Control Mice
Kozina, N., Mihaljević, Z., Lončar, M. B., Mihalj, M., Mišir, M., Radmilović, M. D., Justić, H., Gajović, S., Šešelja, K., Bazina, I., et al. (2019) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms20205188 · Cited by 10
Clinic and ambulatory blood pressure in relation to the interaction between plasma advanced glycation end products and sodium dietary intake and renal handling
Huang, Q., Cheng, Y., Guo, Q., Liu, C., Kang, Y., Sheng, C., Li, Y., & Wang, J. (2021) · Hypertension Research · doi:10.1038/s41440-021-00805-z · Cited by 10
Reducing salt intake with umami: A secondary analysis of data in the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey
Nakamura, H., Kawashima, T., Yamasaki, L., Lwin, K. S., Eguchi, A., Hayabuchi, H., Tanoe, Y., Tanaka, S., Yoneoka, D., Ghaznavi, C., et al. (2022) · Food Science & Nutrition · doi:10.1002/fsn3.3121 · Cited by 9
“…Health Organization, 2020), which increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases (Bibbins- Domingo et al., 2010; British Heart Foundation, 2022; Brown et al., 2009; Cogswell et al., 2016; Singh et al., 2013; Thomopoulos et al., 2014), chronic kidney disease (Xie et al., 2016), and gastric…”
Background
Sodium Content in Vegetable Soups Prepared Outside the Home: Identifying the Problem
Gonçalves, C., Silva, G., Pinho, O., Camelo, S., Amaro, L. F., Teixeira, V. H., Padrão, P., & Moreia, P. (2012) · Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT) · doi:10.13140/2.1.4859.2964 · Cited by 10
Assessment of salt intake: how accurate is it?
Champagne, C. M., & Cash, K. C. (2013) · Proceedings of The Nutrition Society · doi:10.1017/s0029665113000979 · Cited by 10
“In the USA, current estimates are that >40% of the sodium consumed comes from the following ten types of foods((7)): (1) breads and rolls, (2) cold cuts and cured meats such as deli or packaged luncheon meats, (3) pizza, (4) fresh and processed poultry, (5) soups, (6) sandwiches such as fast food burgers, (7) cheese,…”
Background
Genetic and Environmental Regulation on Longitudinal Change of Metabolic Phenotypes in Danish and Chinese Adult Twins
Li, S., Kyvik, K. O., Pang, Z., Zhang, D., Duan, H., Tan, Q., Hjelmborg, J., Kruse, T. A., & Dalgård, C. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0148396 · Cited by 10
Barriers, Attitudes, and Dietary Behaviors Regarding Sodium Reduction in the Elderly Korean-Chinese Population in Yanbian, China
Lee, J., Cui, W., & Jin, M. (2017) · Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives · doi:10.24171/j.phrp.2017.8.3.05 · Cited by 10
“Unlike western countries, where the primary source of sodium is processed foods, over 70% of sodium intake in China is a result of adding salt during/after cooking (both at restaurants and at home) [17,18].”
Background
Evaluation of Australian soup manufacturer compliance with national sodium reduction targets
Levi, R., Probst, Y., Crino, M., & Dunford, E. (2017) · Nutrition & Dietetics · doi:10.1111/1747-0080.12392 · Cited by 10
DIETARY SALT INTAKE: HISTORY, ASSESSMENT, AND BENEFIT IN HYPERTENSIVE TREATMENT
Raj, S. E., Tan, L. M., & Redzuan, A. M. (2016) · Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research · doi:10.22159/ajpcr.2016.v9s2.13483 · Cited by 10
“[6] lowering the salt intake of individuals can shift the population distribution of BP toward more optimal levels, thus preventing millions of deaths from cardiovascular disease and stroke, and reducing the burden on health services.”
Background
Salt Intake and Knowledge of Salt Intake in a Chinese Population: A Crosssectional Study
Lou, T. L. Y. Q. P. (2015) · Internal Medicine Open Access · doi:10.4172/2165-8048.1000186 · Cited by 10
“However, population around world usually consumes much more than the current recommendation [2-5].”
Background
Nutritional Description of Organic and Conventional Food Products in Spain: The BADALI Project
Ropero, A. B., Borrás, F., Rodrı́guez, M., & Beltrá, M. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15081876 · Cited by 9
“Processed food accounts for around 75% of the total sodium intake in Europe and North America [55].”
Background
Demographic differences in the saltiness intensity perception and pleasantness ratings of salty solutions and foods among Malaysian subjects
Balan, S. N., Chua, L.-S., Choong, S. S.-Y., Chang, Y. F., & Say, Y. (2012) · Food Quality and Preference · doi:10.1016/j.foodqual.2012.09.003 · Cited by 9
Healthy eating exploratory program for the elderly: Low salt intake in congregate meal service
Seo, S., Kim, O. Y., & Ahn, J. (2015) · The journal of nutrition health & aging · doi:10.1007/s12603-015-0622-9 · Cited by 9
“In Korea, Japan, and China, salt added at home and soy sauce are the largest sources of sodium, while sodium added to manufactured foods is more dominant in European and North American countries (21).”
The effects of cigarette smoking and alcohol drinking on salty taste preferences based on Korean Community Health Survey data
Ma, J., & Lee, Y. (2023) · Nutrition Research and Practice · doi:10.4162/nrp.2023.17.3.487 · Cited by 11
Global Burden and Health Trends of Non-Communicable Diseases
Capizzi, S., de Waure, C., & Boccia, S. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-13620-2_3 · Cited by 10
Sodium Intake Prediction with Health Promotion Model Constructs in Rural Hypertensive Patients
Kamran, A., Sharifirad, G., Shafaeei, Y., & Azadbakht, L. (2015) · Indian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.4103/0019-557x.157517 · Cited by 9
Sodium Chloride Diffusion in Low‐Acid Foods during Thermal Processing and Storage
Bornhorst, E. R., Tang, J., & Sablani, S. S. (2016) · Journal of Food Science · doi:10.1111/1750-3841.13278 · Cited by 9
Does salt addiction exist?
Soto-Escageda, J. A., Estañol, B., Vidal-Victoria, C. A., Michel, A., Sierra-Beltran, M. A., & Bourges-Rodríguez, H. (2016) · Salud Mental · doi:10.17711/sm.0185-3325.2016.016 · Cited by 9
Seasonal Variation in the Daily Urinary Sodium Excretion in Outpatients from the Morioka Region of Northern Japan
Kawamura, M., Hashimoto, T., Ogino, T., Kaneko, H., Mifune, S., Watanabe, T., Usui, Y., Tsuchikawa, G., Shozushima, M., & Kudou, H. (2017) · Internal Medicine · doi:10.2169/internalmedicine.56.8270 · Cited by 9
“The measurement of the daily urinary sodium excretion (UNaV) is considered to be the most reliable method for estimating the daily sodium intake (4, 5), since approximately 90% of dietary sodium intake is excreted in the urine through unremarkable sweating (6, 7).”
Method
The Myth of Water and Salt: From Aquaretics to Tenapanor
Visconti, L., Cernaro, V., Calimeri, S., Lacquaniti, A., Gregorio, F. D., Ricciardi, C. A., Lacava, V., Santoro, D., & Buemi, M. (2017) · Journal of Renal Nutrition · doi:10.1053/j.jrn.2017.06.005 · Cited by 9
Uteroplacental insufficiency temporally exacerbates salt‐induced hypertension associated with a reduced natriuretic response in male rat offspring
Gallo, L. A., Walton, S. L., Mazzuca, M. Q., Tare, M., Parkington, H. C., Wlodek, M. E., & Moritz, K. M. (2018) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp275655 · Cited by 10
“This is greater than the extreme differences in sodium intake reported in humans ( 5-fold), with most adult populations falling within a 2-fold range (Brown et al. 2009).”
Result
Maternal high-sodium intake affects the offspring’ vascular renin-angiotensin system promoting endothelial dysfunction in rats
Santos‐Rocha, J., Lima-Leal, G. A., Moreira, H. S., Ramos-Alves, F. E., de Sá, F. G., Duarte, G. I. B. P., & Xavier, F. E. (2019) · Vascular Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.vph.2019.02.001 · Cited by 9
Characteristic dietary habits associated with high values of estimated 24-hours urinary sodium excretion and sodium-to-potassium ratio assessed by age group among the residents of a rural town in Japan
Seko, C., Odani, K., Wada, S., Yoshii, K., Segawa, H., Kitaoka, K., Masumoto, T., & Higashi, A. (2019) · Clinical and Experimental Hypertension · doi:10.1080/10641963.2019.1693587 · Cited by 9
“The WHO recommends a daily salt intake of less than 5 g for adults in its 2012 guidelines (13), but daily salt intake in most countries exceeds this recommendation (14).”
Background
Multi-element Analysis of Brain Regions from South African Cadavers
Cilliers, K., & Muller, C. J. F. (2020) · Biological Trace Element Research · doi:10.1007/s12011-020-02158-z · Cited by 9
Dietary sodium and potassium intake: knowledge, attitude and behaviour towards dietary salt intake among adults in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Saje, S. M., Endris, B. S., Nagasa, B., Ashebir, G., & Gebreyesus, S. H. (2020) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980020003663 · Cited by 9
“Most adult populations have a mean Na intake of >2·3 g/d(5,10).”
Background
Unbalanced intakes of sodium and potassium among Tunisian adults: A cross‐sectional study
Doggui, R., Ati, J. E., Sassi, S., Gharbia, H. B., Al‐Jawaldeh, A., & Ati‐Hellal, M. E. (2021) · Food Science & Nutrition · doi:10.1002/fsn3.2197 · Cited by 8
“High sodium intake is a risk factor for several chronic diseases, that is, cardiovascular impairments (Brown et al., 2009; Ha, 2014; He & MacGregor, 2009) but also with several chronic pathologies such as stomach cancer (D'Elia et al., 2014; Peleteiro et al., 2011), osteoporosis (Park et al.,…”
Background
Influence of limited replacement of NaCl with KCl and yeast extract on microbiological, chemical, sensory, and textural properties of emulsion‐type chicken sausages
Mohammadzadeh, M., Berizi, E., & Shekarforoush, S. S. (2021) · Food Science & Nutrition · doi:10.1002/fsn3.2216 · Cited by 9
“Most meat products contain sodium due to the addition of salt during preparation; thus, producing low- sodium food products is highly demanded in the meat industries (Brown et al., 2009).”
Background
Sodium Restriction Counseling Reduces Cardiac Events in Patients With Heart Failure
Nakajima, T., Murata, M., Nitta, S., Shitara, T., Kazama, H., Satoh, Y., Takizawa, M., Mori, A., Kobayashi, Y., & Adachi, H. (2021) · Circulation Journal · doi:10.1253/circj.cj-20-1215 · Cited by 9
Impact of an Innovative Equipment to Monitor and Control Salt Usage during Cooking at Home on Salt Intake and Blood Pressure—Randomized Controlled Trial iMC SALT
Silva-Santos, T., Moreira, P. A. M., Pinho, O., Padrão, P., Abreu, S., Esteves, S., Oliveira, L. M., Norton, P. M. P. N. S., Rodrigues, M., Ndrio, A., et al. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14010008 · Cited by 9
Excessive salt intake accelerates the progression of cerebral small vessel disease in older adults
Liu, D., Zhang, Q., Xing, S., Wei, F., Li, K., Zhao, Y., Zhang, H., Gong, G. X., Guo, Y., & Liu, Z. (2023) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-023-03877-3 · Cited by 10
“The links between excessive salt intake and hypertension, atherosclerosis and stroke have been established [15, 24, 25], but there are few studies on the association between excessive salt intake and CSVD.”
Background
Salt content in ready-to-eat food and bottled spring and mineral water retailed in Novi Sad
Trajković-Pavlović, L., Popović, M. B., Bijelović, S., Velicki, R., & Torović, L. D. (2015) · Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo · doi:10.2298/sarh1506362t · Cited by 8
Carotid intima media thickness is independently associated with urinary sodium excretion in patients with chronic kidney disease
Üstündağ, S., Yilmaz, G., Sevinç, C., Akpınar, S., Temízöz, O., Süt, N., & Üstündağ, A. (2015) · Renal Failure · doi:10.3109/0886022x.2015.1073526 · Cited by 9
“Worldwide mean sodium consumption is estimated to be approximately 4 g per day.(38) In the present study, we determined that 77% of the patients have been consuming more than 2 g of sodium per day, which is the upper limit of the recommended daily amount.”
Background
Guidelines for the prevention of cardiovascular disease in women: international challenges and opportunities
Gupta, D. M., & WENGER, N. K. (2012) · Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy · doi:10.1586/erc.12.4 · Cited by 9
Effect of Various Sodium Chloride Mass Fractions on Wheat and Rye Bread Using Different Dough Preparation Technologies
Ambrosewicz-Walacik, M., Tańska, M., Rotkiewicz, D., & Piętak, A. (2015) · Food Technology and Biotechnology · doi:10.17113/ftb.54.02.16.3994 · Cited by 9
“(5), the physiological daily dose of sodium (<0.”
Background
Reliable Quantification of the Potential for Equations Based on Spot Urine Samples to Estimate Population Salt Intake: Protocol for a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Huang, L., Crino, M., Wu, J. H. Y., Woodward, M., Land, M., McLean, R. M., Webster, J. L., Enkhtungalag, B., Nowson, C. A., Elliott, P., et al. (2016) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/resprot.6282 · Cited by 8
“Most countries (in which salt intake has been measured) exceed this recommendation, often by a large margin [6-8].”
Self-citation

Authors: Brown, I. J., Tzoulaki, I., Candeias, V., & Elliott, P.
Affiliations: Imperial College London (GB)
World Health Organization (CH)
Corresponding author: Elliott, P.
ORCID: Brown, I. J
Tzoulaki, I.
Elliott, P.
Venue: International Journal of Epidemiology
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published: 2009-04-07
Volume: 38
Issue: 3
Pages: 791-813
ISSN: 0300-5771 (ISSN-L)
1464-3685
DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyp139
OpenAlex: W2154301407
Cited by: 1,173
References: 157
Citations by year: 2026: 13 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 61 · 2022: 66 · 2021: 87 · 2020: 94 · 2019: 81 · 2018: 78 · 2017: 90 · 2016: 98 · 2015: 109 · 2014: 95 · 2013: 92 · 2012: 61
FWCI: 46.14
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: International Journal of Epidemiology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: World Health Organization
Topics: Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Sodium Intake and Health
Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Blood Pressure and Hypertension Studies
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
Keywords: sodium intake, salt reduction, sodium excretion, INTERSALT, INTERMAP, sodium sources, processed foods, soy sauce, blood pressure, cardiovascular health, salt reduction policy, cross-national comparison
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Cardiovascular Diseases, Child, Child, Preschool, Cooking, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Diet, Feeding Behavior, Female, Health Promotion, Humans, Hypertension, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Male, Middle Aged, Global Health, Sodium Chloride, Dietary, Young Adult

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Salt intakes around the world: implications for public health

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks