Intuitive Learnability of Touch Gestures for Technology-Naive Older Adults

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Older adults could complete a range of touch gestures including point, drag and pinch.

“Some work suggested that touch-screens might be beneficial for older adults (Lee et al., 2009;Findlater et al., 2013;Schneider et al., 2008), who could complete a range of touch gestures including point, drag and pinch (Kobayashi et al., 2011).”

• cites Kobayashi et al., 2011 sourceSupported

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Altogether 17 participants were recruited through a retirement community: 4 males and 13 females, with a mean age of 67.32 years and an age range of 54-82.

“Altogether 17 participants were recruited through a retirement community: 4 males and 13 females (mean age: 67.32 years; age range: 54-82).”

May combine two claims.

In Game 1, task duration was significantly lower for Task 6 than for Task 2 (z = -3.416, P < 0.01) and Task 4 (z = -3.185, P < 0.01).

“Task duration was significantly lower for Task 6 when compared with Task 2 (z = -3.416,P = 0.00 < 0.01), and Task 4 (z = -3.185,P = 0.003 < 0.01).”

May combine two claims.

In Game 2, participants made more correct gestures (M = 31.3; SD = 73.1) and more incorrect gestures (M = 6.5; SD = 13.1) in Task 1, with a decrease in later tasks (correct: M = 4.3, SD = 4.0; incorrect: M = 0.4, SD = 0.6).

“The participants made more correct gestures (M = 31.3;SD = 73.1)and more incorrect gestures (M = 6.5;SD = 13.1) in the first task with a decrease as they progressed with the other tasks (correct gesture: M = 4.3, SD = 4.0; incorrect gesture: M = 0.4, SD = 0.6).”

May combine two claims.

In Game 1, Task 1 had the longest duration (M = 104.8; SD = 97.7) and Task 6 the shortest (M = 9.3, SD = 5.7).

“The duration of Task 1 was longest (M = 104.8;SD = 97.7)whereas the duration of Task 6 was the shortest (M = 9.3, SD = 5.7).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

All participants were in good health with minor complaints concerning ailments that cause slight discomfort with active use of their hands.

“All were in good health with minor complaints concerning ailments that cause slight discomfort with active use of their hands.”

May combine two claims.

All participants were technology-naïve and their interaction experiences were mostly limited to making calls on a keypad-based mobile phone.

“All participants were technology-naïve and their interaction experiences were mostly limited to making calls on a keypad-based mobile phone.”

May combine two claims.

There are significant differences in frequency of use (χ2(4)=41.319, P<0.05) and in ease of use (χ2(4)=49.271, P<0.05) between mobile phones for calls and the other technology usages as reported by the participants.

“The results of the tests show that there are significant differences in frequency of use (χ 2 (4) = 41.319,P < 0.05) and in ease of use (χ 2 (4) = 49.271,P < 0.05) between mobile phones for calls and the other technology usages as reported by the participants”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

There is no significant difference in age between males and females (t(15)=1.64, P>0.05).

“Further, the results of the independent t-test show that there is no significant difference in age between males and females (t (15) = 1.64,P > 0.05).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In Game 2, the mean GR time was 65.88 s (SD = 60.95).

“The mean GR time was 65.88 s (SD = 60.95)”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

For other demographic variables with a non-normal distribution, Mann-Whitney tests show no significant differences between genders.

“For the other demographic variables with a non-normal distribution, the Mann-Whitney tests also show no significant differences between genders (Table 1).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In Game 2, the mean ID time was 40.18 s (SD = 29.27).

“and the mean ID time was 40.18 s (SD = 29.27).”

May combine two claims.

There was no significant difference between Games 1 and 2 for GR time or the number of gestures before GR.

“Furthermore, there is no significant difference for GR time or the number of gestures before GR.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In Game 3, participants played the game for 124.87 s (SD = 62.53).

“They played the game for 124.87 s (SD = 62.53)”

May combine two claims.

The non-progressive playing model was predominant among participants, with most participants using the w-rotate gesture variant intensely.

“The non-progressive playing model was predominant among participants with most participants using the w-rotate gesture variant intensely.”

May combine two claims.

The use of correct rotate gestures was generally low and they were never performed by more than half of the players.

“The use of correct gestures was generally low and they were never performed by more than half of the players.”

May combine two claims.

In Game 2, task duration showed a decreasing trend with Task 1 longest (M = 38.1; SD = 50.1) and Task 6 shortest (M = 5.3, SD = 4.0).

“The same decreasing trend was observed for task duration with Task 1 having the longest (M = 38.1;SD = 50.1)and Task 6 having the shortest duration (M = 5.3, SD = 4.0).”

May combine two claims.

In Game 3, participants needed 10.2 s (SD = 8.39) to initiate the first rotate gesture and 71.2 s (SD = 60.35) to make the first correct rotational gesture.

“needing 10.2 s (SD = 8.39) to initiate the first rotate gesture and 71.2 s (SD = 60.35) to make the first correct rotational gesture.”

May combine two claims.

In Game 3, participants performed a mean total of 16.73 interactions (SD = 6.87), of which 7.6 interactions (SD = 4.32) included rotational gestures.

“They performed a mean total of 16.73 interactions (SD = 6.87),where 7.6 interactions (SD = 4.32) included rotational gestures.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Older age groups performed better under anxious conditions and did not make significantly more errors compared with younger age groups on either interface structure.

“In their study, older age groups performed better under anxious conditions and did not make significantly more errors compared with younger age groups on either interface structures.”

• cites Gudur et al., 2013 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The redundancy approach was less effective for the oldest age group (73+), showing faster task times and better intuitiveness only for middle-aged people (40-59).

“The redundancy approach was shown as less effective for the oldest age group (73+), showing faster task times and better intuitiveness only for middle aged people (40-59).”

• cites Blackler et al., 2012 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

The study's findings partially corroborate those of earlier work.

“These findings partially corroborate those of earlier work.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The touch screen has been suggested as a suitable input device for elderly users because it is easy to learn and operate.

“The touch screen has been suggested as a suitable input device for elderly users because it is easy to learn and operate (Yarnold et al., 1996).”

• cites Yarnold et al., 1996 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Older users can use touch-based products successfully, regardless of their age-related functional deficiencies.

“Older users can also use touchbased products successfully, regardless of their age-related functional deficiencies (Häikiö et al., 2007).”

• cites Häikiö et al., 2007 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Gesture-based interfaces require minimal learning time and lead to a high degree of user satisfaction.

“They therefore require minimal learning time and they lead to a high degree of user satisfaction.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The influence of the anxiety factor declined significantly in a study of older people's performance in a touch-screen environment.

“According to Umemuro (2004) even the influence of the anxiety factor declined significantly in a study of older people's performance in a touch-screen environment.”

• cites Umemuro, 2004 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Prior experience and familiarity have been identified as the main factors for intuitive use.

“Over the past years this definition has been supported by several experimental designs (Blackler et al., 2010b;Hurtienne and Blessing, 2007;Naumann et al., 2007) where prior experience and familiarity have been identified as the main factors for intuitive use.”

• cites Blackler et al., 2010b sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Hurtienne and Blessing, 2007Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Naumann et al., 2007 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Touch-based technologies have potential for improving human-technology interaction and adoption for older adults by introducing natural movements to the interaction process.

“Furthermore, the advent of touchbased technologies has an accruing potential for improving human-technology interaction and adoption for older adults by introducing natural movements to the interaction process.”

May combine two claims.

Older people's interaction with modern technology is less intuitive even with prior experience, where interfaces are used more slowly.

“Older people's interaction with modern technology is less intuitive even with prior experience where interfaces are used more slowly (Lewis et al., 2008).”

• cites Lewis et al., 2008 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Older users found touch-based input devices easier to use than other alternatives.

“Taveira and Choi (2009) observed that older users found touch-based input devices easier to use than other alternatives.”

• cites Taveira and Choi, 2009 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

An intuitive technological product normally requires minimal learning because it is contingent on the user's prior experience and familiarity with the technology.

“An intuitive technological product normally requires minimal learning as it should be contingent on the user's prior experience and familiarity with the technology (Blackler et al., 2010b).”

• cites Blackler et al., 2010b sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Gesture-based interfaces are considered more user-friendly to older users than WIMP interfaces because they are natural and intuitive.

“Gesture-based interfaces are considered more user-friendly to older users than windows, icons, menus and pointers (WIMP) interfaces because they are natural and intuitive.”

May combine two claims.

Older users who operate traditional input devices with limited speed and accuracy may find gestures attractive and applications more accessible.

“As gesture-based interfaces have the advantage of simplicity by omitting the intermediary input device, older users who operate traditional input devices with limited speed and accuracy may find gestures attractive and applications more accessible (Chen, 2013).”

• cites Chen, 2013 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Gesture-based interfaces have the advantage of simplicity by omitting the intermediary input device.

“As gesture-based interfaces have the advantage of simplicity by omitting the intermediary input device, older users who operate traditional input devices with limited speed and accuracy may find gestures attractive and applications more accessible (Chen, 2013).”

• cites Chen, 2013 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In Piper et al. (2010), 17 out of 20 older adults used a computer daily.

“For instance, in Findlater et al. (2013), 9 of 20 older adults used touch-screen devices on a daily basis and 3 had never used such devices; in Piper et al. (2010), 17 out of 20 older adults used computer daily, but in Leonardi et al. (2010) only 2 of 15 older participants had some computer experience and the others had none.”

• cites Piper et al., 2010 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Mastering core manipulation skills and recognizing often nontextual cues requires adoption, exploration and practice.

“Although touch-based interaction has been shown to have some efficacy beyond WIMP systems for learnability, ease of manipulation and likeability (Biswas and Langdon, 2011), mastering core manipulation skills and recognizing often nontextual cues requires adoption, exploration and practice.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Ease-of-use is critical for promoting confidence in older users, including those with minor physical impairments, to interact with digital devices.

“Furthermore, Mertens et al. (2010), based on their work on touch-table design for users with kinetic tremor, argued that ease-of-use is critical for promoting confidence in older users (including those with minor physical impairments) to interact with digital devices.”

• cites Mertens et al., 2010 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Initial learning and the acquisition of manipulation skills have fewer barriers to overcome, accelerating good performance.

“This implies that initial learning and the acquisition of manipulation skills have fewer barriers to overcome, accelerating good performance.”

May combine two claims.

The Shapiro-Wilk test was significant across most tasks for task durations, numbers of correct gestures, and numbers of incorrect gestures, violating the assumption of normal distribution.

“The test was significant across most tasks for task durations [D(17) ¤ (0.676, 0.892), P < 0.05], numbers of correct gestures [D(17) ¤ (0.410, 0.828), P < 0.05] and numbers of incorrect gestures [D(17) ¤ (0.454, 0.747), P < 0.05], thus violating the assumption of normal distribution.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Saffer argued that a natural system allows its users to act and communicate in the ways they naturally do in everyday life.

“Similarly, Saffer (2009) argued that a natural system is the one that allows its users to act and communicate in the ways they naturally do in their everyday life.”

• cites Saffer, 2009Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Participants tended to use a relatively simple technology (mobile phone) for a simple task (talking).

“These results indicate that the participants tended to use a relatively simple technology (i.e.mobile phone) for a simple task (i.e.talking).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

If users could recognize their natural motion patterns as the required input, it would help mitigate their anxiety with computer technologies.

“If users could recognize their natural motion patterns as the required input, it would help mitigate their anxiety with computer technologies.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test indicates that the variable age is normally distributed.

“The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test indicates that the variable age is normally distributed.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Some work suggested that touch-screens might be beneficial for older adults.

“Some work suggested that touch-screens might be beneficial for older adults (Lee et al., 2009;Findlater et al., 2013;Schneider et al., 2008), who could complete a range of touch gestures including point, drag and pinch (Kobayashi et al., 2011).”

• cites Lee et al., 2009 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Findlater et al., 2013 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Schneider et al., 2008 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Some studies found that a touch-screen was more difficult than a mouse for older users to manipulate.

“However, some studies found that a touch-screen was more difficult than a mouse for older users to manipulate (Florines et al., 2007;Wood et al., 2005).”

• cites Florines et al., 2007Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Wood et al., 2005 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Another critical feature of NUI is high learnability relative to WIMP interfaces.

“Another critical feature of NUI is high learnability relative to WIMP interfaces.”

May combine two claims.

The findings of Game 1 support hypotheses H1 and H3, and partially support H2.

“The findings are in support of hypotheses H1 and H3, and in partial support of H2 as there is a significant difference, but with a decreasing trend.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The audiovisual data were coded into variables in parallel by two independent parties, and all discrepancies in the coded data were resolved by a joined recode.

“The audiovisual data were coded into variables in parallel by two independent parties, whereas all discrepancies in the coded data were resolved by a joined recode.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Providing familiar visual objects that can be manipulated by finger gestures similar to their real-world counterparts allows older users to perform basic tasks with no prior training.

“Hollinworth and Hwang (2011) used 'familiarity' as a design principle and showed that providing familiar visual objects that can be manipulated by finger gestures similar to their real-world counterparts allows older users to perform basic tasks with no prior training.”

• cites Hollinworth and Hwang, 2011 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The results of Game 1 support hypotheses H1, H2, and H3.

“These results are in support of hypotheses H1, H2 and H3.”

May combine two claims.

A NUI may appear intuitive for technology-savvy digital natives but inaccessible to technology-naïve digital aliens such as older adults who have minimal experience with computer technologies.

“A NUI may appear intuitive for the generation of technology-savvy 'digital natives' (Prensky, 2007) such as contemporary teens, but inaccessible to the generation of technology-naïve 'digital aliens' such as older adults who have minimal experience with computer technologies.”

• cites Prensky, 2007Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

NUIs facilitate the use of a range of evolved skills rather than technology-specific procedures typical of WIMP-style interfaces.

“As suggested by Saffer (2009), NUIs facilitate the use of a range of evolved skills rather than technology-specific procedures that are typical of WIMP-style interfaces.”

• cites Saffer, 2009Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Games, when well-designed, can be very motivating and engaging, and thus have high potential to address aversion to unfamiliar interactions.

“Games, when welldesigned, can be very motivating and engaging, and thus have high potential to address the issue of aversion to unfamiliar interactions.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In Findlater et al. (2013), 9 of 20 older adults used touch-screen devices on a daily basis and 3 had never used such devices.

“For instance, in Findlater et al. (2013), 9 of 20 older adults used touch-screen devices on a daily basis and 3 had never used such devices; in Piper et al. (2010), 17 out of 20 older adults used computer daily, but in Leonardi et al. (2010) only 2 of 15 older participants had some computer experience and the others had none.”

• cites Findlater et al., 2013 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Naturalness and learnability are closely related.

“Therefore, the two notions-naturalness and learnabilitywould seem to be closely related.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

NUIs are deemed more desirable and inclusive than command-line and graphical user interfaces because they utilize a wider range of communication modalities and skills people acquire through ordinary activities.

“As an alternative to their predecessors-command-line interfaces and graphical user interfaces-NUIs are deemed more desirable and inclusive as they aim to utilize the power of a much wider range of communication modalities, leveraging skills people acquire through ordinary activities in everyday life (Widgor and Wixon, 2011).”

• cites Widgor and Wixon, 2011Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The number of participants varies with the studies and tends to be small.

“Besides, the number of participants varies with the studies, and it tends to be small.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Acquiring digital literacy is often an issue of overcoming reluctance.

“Acquiring digital literacy is often an issue of overcoming reluctance.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Touch-based interaction has been shown to have some efficacy beyond WIMP systems for learnability, ease of manipulation and likeability.

“Although touch-based interaction has been shown to have some efficacy beyond WIMP systems for learnability, ease of manipulation and likeability (Biswas and Langdon, 2011), mastering core manipulation skills and recognizing often nontextual cues requires adoption, exploration and practice.”

• cites Biswas and Langdon, 2011 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Karam and Schraefel concluded, based on reviews of 40 years of literature on gesture-based interaction, that much research on gesture-based interactions claims gestures can provide a more natural form of interacting with computers.

“A decade later, Karam and Schraefel (2005) concluded, based on their reviews of 40 years of literature on gesture-based interaction, that 'much of the research on gesture based interactions claim that gestures can provide a more natural form of interacting with computers' (p.26).”

• cites Karam and Schraefel, 2005Not checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Older adults are familiar mostly with analogue technologies, and in many cases are not comfortable with the concept of exploratory learning through trial-and-error.

“Older adults are familiar mostly with analogue technologies, and in many cases are not comfortable with the concept of exploratory learning through trial-and-error (Fisk et al., 2009).”

• cites Fisk et al., 2009Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In general, older adults were found to be slower than their younger counterparts in touch gestures but not more error-prone.

“In general, older adults were found to be slower than their younger counterparts in touch gestures but not more error-prone (Stößel and Blessing, 2010).”

• cites Stößel and Blessing, 2010 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

An increasing number of studies show that digital games can encourage older adults to adopt computers as well as improve their quality of life.

“An increasing number of studies show that digital games can encourage older adults to adopt computers as well as improve their quality of life (Gabrielli et al., 2008;Wang and Burton, 2010).”

• cites Gabrielli et al., 2008 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Wang and Burton, 2010Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Prior experience enabled people to use cars and microwaves more quickly and with fewer errors.

“Similarly, it was shown that prior experience also enabled people to use cars (Langdon et al., 2007) and microwaves (Lewis et al., 2008) more quickly and with fewer errors.”

• cites Langdon et al., 2007 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Lewis et al., 2008 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Digital games have the potential to address a common ageing issue-isolation-if they are played in a social context.

“A more exciting aspect is that digital games have the potential to address a common ageing issue-isolationif they are played in a social context (Al Mahmud et al., 2008).”

• cites Al Mahmud et al., 2008 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The decrease in the number of correct gestures across tasks implies that participants made fewer semidrag gestures and quickly approached the optimal full drag gesture.

“Additionally, the decrease in the number of correct gestures across the tasks implies that the participants made less semidrag gestures and quickly approached the optimal full drag gesture.”

May combine two claims.

The results of Game 2 support hypotheses H4, H5, and H6.

“These results support the hypotheses H4, H5 and H6.”

May combine two claims.

Players discovered the DRAG gesture during the first task of Game 1, where they spent most of their playing time.

“As the results show, to 'solve' the first game (i.e.Game 1) the players discovered the DRAG gesture during the first task where they spent most of their playing time.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The number of semi-drags approaches an optimal constant by Task 5, beyond which there is no improvement.

“the number of semi-drags approaches an optimal constant by Task 5, beyond which there is no improvement.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Reduced motor skills are a permanent condition.

May combine two claims.

The drag gesture is more natural for technology-naïve older adults and thus easier for them to learn, as shown by significantly improved performance over two similar games within a short time span of less than on average 10 min.

“Specifically, the empirical findings indicate that the drag gesture is more natural for technology-naïve older adults and thus easier for them to learn, as shown by their significantly improved performance over two similar games within a short time span of less than on average 10 min.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Knowledge and skill building is a sense-making process through negotiating ideas with others.

“In accord with the social constructivist theories, knowledge and skill building is a sense-making process through negotiating ideas with others (Dourish, 2004;Palincsar, 1998;Suchman, 1987).”

• cites Dourish, 2004Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Palincsar, 1998 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Suchman, 1987Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The decrease in semi-drags during game-play was fast and effortless without conscious reasoning, aligning with Blackler et al. (2005) definition of intuitive use.

“The decrease in semi-drags during game-play was fast and effortless without conscious reasoning, which aligns with the definition of Blackler et al. (2005) for intuitive use.”

• cites Blackler et al. (2005)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Prior experience was the most common reason for successful technology use by older people.

“O'Brien (2010) showed that prior experience was the most common reason for successful technology use by older people.”

• cites O'Brien (2010)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The effects of ageing on motor abilities generally include coordination reduction and a loss of flexibility, which is a problem for many older people when using mobile phones or laptop computers with touchpads.

“The effects of ageing on motor abilities generally include coordination reduction and a loss of flexibility which is a problem for many older people when using mobile phones or laptop computers with touchpads (Rogers et al., 1996).”

• cites Rogers et al., 1996 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In Game 3, data from 15 participants were collected and evaluated after 2 of 17 participants had no interactions with the table.

“A total of 17 single participants started playing the Puzzle game.However, as 2 participants had no interactions with the table, data from 15 participants were collected and evaluated in the further analysis.”

May combine two claims.

This created a false impression for the participant that w-rotate was correct, resulting in continued use of this gesture during the game.

“This created a false impression for the participant that w-rotate was correct, resulting in continued use of this gesture during the game.”

May combine two claims.

The GS shows that the performance level was attained immediately after Task 1, with speed being the only significant improvement across subsequent tasks.

“The GS shows that the performance level was attained immediately after Task 1, with speed being the only significant improvement across the subsequent tasks.”

May combine two claims.

The Shapiro-Wilk test was significant across all variables in Game 2, violating the normal distribution assumption.

“As the Shapiro-Wilk test was significant across all the variables, showing a violation of the normal distribution assumption”