S 5: Probing the Milky Way and Magellanic Clouds potentials with the 6D map of the Orphan–Chenab stream
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We present a 6D map of the Orphan–Chenab (OC) stream by combining the data from Southern Stellar Stream Spectroscopic Survey (S5) and Gaia. We reconstruct the proper motion, radial velocity, distance, on-sky track, and stellar density along the stream with spline models. The stream has a total luminosity of MV = −8.2 and metallicity of [Fe/H] = −1.9, similar to classical Milky Way (MW) satellites like Draco. The stream shows drastic changes in its physical width varying from 200 pc to 1 kpc, but a constant line-of-sight velocity dispersion of 5 $\mathrm{km\, s^{-1}}$. Despite the large apparent variation in the stellar number density along the stream, the flow rate of stars along the stream is remarkably constant. We model the 6D stream track by a Lagrange-point stripping method with a flexible MW potential in the presence of a moving extended Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC). This allows us to constrain the mass profile of the MW within the distance range 15.6 < r < 55.5 kpc, with the best measured enclosed mass of $(2.85\pm 0.1)\times 10^{11}\, \mathrm{\, M_\odot }$ within 32.4 kpc. Our stream measurements are highly sensitive to the LMC mass profile with the most precise measurement of its enclosed mass made at 32.8 kpc, $(7.02\pm 0.9)\times 10^{10}\, {\rm M}_\odot$. We also detect that the LMC dark matter halo extends to at least 53 kpc. The fitting of the OC stream allows us to constrain the past LMC trajectory and the degree of dynamical friction it experienced. We demonstrate that the stars in the OC stream show large energy and angular momentum spreads caused by LMC perturbation.
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The Orphan-Chenab stream extends to r ∼ 60 kpc.
“The Orphan-Chenab stream (Koposov et al., 2023) extends to r ∼ 60 kpc”
From The rotation curve of the Milky Way: State of the art, the Keplerian decline debate, and implications for dark matter (2026) · cites this paper as Koposov et al., 2023
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Self-citationLi, T. S., Koposov, S. E., Zucker, D. B., Lewis, G. F., Kuehn, K. W., Simpson, J. D., Ji, A. P., Shipp, N., Mao, Y.-Y., Geha, M., et al. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz2731 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Self-citationAll-sky dynamical response of the galactic halo to the large magellanic cloud
Conroy, C., Naidu, R. P., Garavito-Camargo, N., Besla, G., Zaritsky, D., Bonaca, A., & Johnson, B. D. (2021) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03385-7 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Measuring the Mass of the Large Magellanic Cloud with Stellar Streams Observed by S 5
Shipp, N., Erkal, D., Drlica-Wagner, A., Li, T. S., Pace, A. B., Koposov, S. E., Cullinane, L. R., Costa, G. S. D., Ji, A. P., Kuehn, K. W., et al. (2021) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac2e93 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Milky Way Halo in Action Space
Myeong, G. C., Evans, N. W., Belokurov, V., Sanders, J. L., & Koposov, S. E. (2018) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/aab613 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Self-citationGeneration of mock tidal streams
Fardal, M. A., Huang, S., & Weinberg, M. D. (2015) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stv1198 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Detection of the Milky Way reflex motion due to the Large Magellanic Cloud infall
Petersen, M. S., & Peñarrubia, J. (2020) · Nature Astronomy · doi:10.1038/s41550-020-01254-3 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Stream–orbit misalignment – I. The dangers of orbit-fitting
Sanders, J. L., & Binney, J. J. (2013) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stt806 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Chemo-kinematics of the Gaia RR Lyrae: the halo and the disc
Iorio, G., & Belokurov, V. A. (2021) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab005 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
galstreams: A library of Milky Way stellar stream footprints and tracks
Mateu, C. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad321 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Wu, X., Famaey, B., Gentile, G., Perets, H. B., & Zhao, H. (2008) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13198.x · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Detection of the LMC-induced sloshing of the Galactic halo
Erkal, D., Deason, A. J., Belokurov, V., Xue, X.-X., Koposov, S. E., Bird, S. A., Liu, C., Simion, I. T., Yang, C., Zhang, L., et al. (2021) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab1828 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Self-citationDrimmel, R., & Poggio, E. (2018) · Research Notes of the AAS · doi:10.3847/2515-5172/aaef8b · Cited by 100 · see citing works
The Milky Way Halo in Action Space
Myeong, G., Evans, N. W., Belokurov, V. A., Sanders, J. L., & Koposov, S. E. (2018) · Apollo (University of Cambridge) · doi:10.17863/cam.20490 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Information Content in Cold Stellar Streams
Bonaca, A., & Hogg, D. W. (2018) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aae4da · Cited by 96 · see citing works
S 5: The Orbital and Chemical Properties of One Dozen Stellar Streams
Li, T. S., Ji, A. P., Pace, A. B., Erkal, D., Koposov, S. E., Shipp, N., Costa, G. S. D., Cullinane, L. R., Kuehn, K. W., Lewis, G. F., et al. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac46d3 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Self-citationGaps in globular cluster streams: giant molecular clouds can cause them too
Amorisco, N. C., Gómez, F. A., Vegetti, S., et al. (2016) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Letters · doi:10.1093/mnrasl/slw148 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Orbital Clustering Identifies the Origins of Galactic Stellar Streams
Bonaca, A., Naidu, R. P., Conroy, C., Caldwell, N., Cargile, P. A., Han, J. J., Johnson, B. D., Kruijssen, J. M. D., Myeong, G. C., Speagle, J. S., et al. (2021) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/abeaa9 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Kinematics of Antlia 2 and Crater 2 from the Southern Stellar Stream Spectroscopic Survey (S 5)
Ji, A. P., Koposov, S. E., Li, T. S., Erkal, D., Pace, A. B., Simon, J. D., Belokurov, V. A., Cullinane, L. R., Costa, G. S. D., Kuehn, K. W., et al. (2021) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac1869 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Self-citationDiscovery of a cold stellar stream in the ATLAS DR1 data
Koposov, S. E., Irwin, M. J., Belokurov, V. A., et al. (2014) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Letters · doi:10.1093/mnrasl/slu060 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Self-citationMeasuring the Milky Way mass distribution in the presence of the LMC
Magnus, L. C., & Vasiliev, E. (2021) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab3726 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
The mass of the Milky Way out to 100 kpc using halo stars
Deason, A. J., Erkal, D., Belokurov, V. A., Fattahi, A., Gómez, F. A., Grand, R. J. J., Pakmor, R., Xue, X.-X., Liu, C., Yang, C., et al. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa3984 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Self-citationCarlberg, R. G., & Grillmair, C. J. (2013) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/768/2/171 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Metallicity and α-Element Abundance Gradients along the Sagittarius Stream as Seen by APOGEE
Hayes, C. R., Majewski, S. R., Hasselquist, S., Anguiano, B., Shetrone, M. D., Law, D. R., Schiavon, R. P., Cunha, K., Smith, V. V., Beaton, R. L., et al. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab62ad · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Proper Motions of Stellar Streams Discovered in the Dark Energy Survey
Shipp, N., Li, T. S., Pace, A. B., Erkal, D., Drlica-Wagner, A., Yanny, B., Belokurov, V. A., Wester, W. C., Koposov, S. E., Kuehn, K. W., et al. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab44bf · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Self-citationIs Ursa Major II the progenitor of the Orphan Stream?
Fellhauer, M., Evans, N. W., Belokurov, V. A., et al. (2007) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.11404.x · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Completeness of the Gaia verse II: what are the odds that a star is missing from Gaia DR2?
Boubert, D., & Everall, A. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa2305 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Broken into Pieces: ATLAS and Aliqa Uma as One Single Stream
Li, T. S., Koposov, S. E., Erkal, D., Ji, A. P., Shipp, N., Pace, A. B., Hilmi, T., Kuehn, K., Lewis, G. F., Mackey, D., et al. (2021) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abeb18 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Self-citationStray, swing and scatter: angular momentum evolution of orbits and streams in aspherical potentials
Erkal, D., Sanders, J. L., & Belokurov, V. A. (2016) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stw1400 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Self-citationShepherding tidal debris with the Galactic bar: the Ophiuchus stream
Hattori, K., Erkal, D., & Sanders, J. L. (2016) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stw1006 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Self-citationBernard, E. J., Ferguson, A. M. N., Schlafly, E. F., Abbas, M., Bell, E. F., Deacon, N. R., Martin, N. F., Rix, H., Sesar, B., Slater, C. T., et al. (2014) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Letters · doi:10.1093/mnrasl/slu089 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Lilleengen, S., Petersen, M. S., Erkal, D., Peñarrubia, J., Koposov, S. E., Li, T. S., Cullinane, L. R., Ji, A. P., Kuehn, K. W., Lewis, G. F., et al. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac3108 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Self-citationTRACING THE ORPHAN STREAM TO 55 kpc WITH RR LYRAE STARS
Sesar, B., Grillmair, C. J., Cohen, J. G., Bellm, E. C., Bhalerao, V., Levitan, D., Laher, R. R., Ofek, E. O., Surace, J., Tang, S., et al. (2013) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/776/1/26 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
SPENDING TOO MUCH TIME AT THE GALACTIC BAR: CHAOTIC FANNING OF THE OPHIUCHUS STREAM
Price-Whelan, A. M., Sesar, B., Johnston, K. V., & Rix, H.-W. (2016) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/0004-637x/824/2/104 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Gaia Data Release 2: Summary of the variability processing & analysis resultsPreprint
Holl, B., Audard, M., Nienartowicz, K., de Fombelle, G. J., Marchal, O., Mowlavï, N., Clementini, G., Ridder, J. D., Evans, D. W., Guy, L. P., et al. (2018) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201832892 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
ACTION-SPACE CLUSTERING OF TIDAL STREAMS TO INFER THE GALACTIC POTENTIAL
Sanderson, R. E., Helmi, A., & Hogg, D. W. (2015) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/801/2/98 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
The Pisces Plume and the Magellanic wake
Belokurov, V. A., Deason, A. J., Erkal, D., Koposov, S. E., Carballo-Bello, J. A., Smith, M. C., Jethwa, P., & Navarrete, C. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Letters · doi:10.1093/mnrasl/slz101 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Self-citationMetallicity and α-Element Abundance Gradients along the Sagittarius Stream as Seen by APOGEE
Hayes, C. R. (2020) · Repository of the Academy's Library (Library of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences) · Cited by 53 · see citing works
A relationship between stellar metallicity gradients and galaxy age in dwarf galaxies
Mercado, F. J., Bullock, J. S., Boylan-Kolchin, M., et al. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa3958 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
A closer look at the spur, blob, wiggle, and gaps in GD-1
de Boer, T. J. L., Erkal, D., & Gieles, M. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa917 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Self-citationObservations of a Magellanic Corona
Krishnarao, D., Fox, A. J., D’Onghia, E., Wakker, B. P., Cashman, F. H., Howk, J. C., Lucchini, S., French, D. M., & Lehner, N. (2022) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-022-05090-5 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Fitting orbits to tidal streams
Binney, J. (2008) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Letters · doi:10.1111/j.1745-3933.2008.00458.x · Cited by 41 · see citing works
The Density Structure of Simulated Stellar Streams
Carlberg, R. G. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab61f0 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Galactic potential constraints from clustering in action space of combined stellar stream data
Reino, S., Rossi, E. M., Sanderson, R. E., Sellentin, E., Helmi, A., Koppelman, H. H., & Sharma, S. (2021) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab304 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
PROPER MOTION OF THE LEO II DWARF GALAXY BASED ON HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE IMAGING* †
Piatek, S., Pryor, C. P., & Olszewski, E. W. (2016) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/0004-6256/152/6/166 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
A SkyMapper view of the Large Magellanic Cloud: the dynamics of stellar populations
Wan, Z., Guglielmo, M., Lewis, G. F., et al. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz3493 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Self-citationPeñarrubia, J., Koposov, S. E., & Walker, M. G. (2012) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/760/1/2 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citationIdentifying RR Lyrae Variable Stars in Six Years of the Dark Energy Survey
Stringer, K. M., Drlica-Wagner, A., Macri, L., Martínez-Vázquez, C. E., Vivas, A. K., Ferguson, P., Pace, A. B., Walker, A. R., Neilsen, E., Tavangar, K., et al. (2021) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abe873 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Magellanic Edges Survey I: Description and first results
Cullinane, L. R., Mackey, D., Costa, G. S. D., Koposov, S. E., Belokurov, V. A., Erkal, D., Koch, A., Kunder, A., & Nataf, D. M. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa2048 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationThe impact of a massive Sagittarius dSph on GD-1-like streams
Dillamore, A. M., Belokurov, V. A., Evans, N. W., & Price-Whelan, A. M. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac2311 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Population gradient in Sextans dSph: Comprehensive mapping of a dwarf galaxy by Suprime-Cam
Okamoto, S., Arimoto, N., Tolstoy, E., et al. (2017) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stx086 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
SELECTING SAGITTARIUS: IDENTIFICATION AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF THE SAGITTARIUS STREAM
Hyde, E. A., Keller, S., Zucker, D. B., Ibata, R., Siebert, A., Lewis, G. F., Penarrubia, J., Irwin, M., Gilmore, G., Lane, R. R., et al. (2015) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/805/2/189 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationSMHASH: anatomy of the Orphan Stream using RR Lyrae stars
Hendel, D., Scowcroft, V., Johnston, K. V., Fardal, M. A., van der Marel, R. P., Sohn, S. T., Price-Whelan, A. M., Beaton, R. L., Besla, G., Bono, G., et al. (2018) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/sty1455 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
AN ORPHAN NO LONGER? DETECTION OF THE SOUTHERN ORPHAN STREAM AND A CANDIDATE PROGENITOR
Grillmair, C. J., Hetherington, L., Carlberg, R. G., et al. (2015) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.1088/2041-8205/812/2/l26 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Schee, J., Stuchlík, Z., & Petrásek, M. (2013) · Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2013/12/026 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Uniform modelling of the stellar density of thirteen tidal streams within the Galactic halo
Patrick, J. M., Koposov, S. E., & Walker, M. G. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac1478 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationMendelsohn, E., Newberg, H. J., Shelton, S., Widrow, L. M., Thompson, J., & Grillmair, C. J. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac498a · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Southern Stellar Stream Spectroscopic Survey: The First Public Data Release
Li, T. S., & S5 Collaboration (2021) · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) · doi:10.5281/zenodo.4695135 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationGaia Data Release 2 Specific characterisation and validation of all-sky Cepheids and RR Lyrae stars
Clementini, G., Ripepi, V., Molinaro, R., Garofalo, A., Muraveva, T., Rimoldini, L., Guy, L. P., Jevardat de Fombelle, G., Nienartowicz, K., Marchal, O., et al. (2019) · Repository of the Academy's Library (Library of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833374 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Price-Whelan, A. M., Lim, P. L., Earl, N., Starkman, N., Bradley, L., Shupe, D. L., Patil, A. A., Corrales, L., Brasseur, C. E., Nöthe, M., et al. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac7c74 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- Cooper A. P., et al., 2022, arXiv e-prints, p. arXiv:2208.08514 · arXiv
- Jin S., et al., 2022, arXiv e-prints, p. arXiv:2212.03981 · DOI
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Detection of the Keplerian decline in the Milky Way rotation curve
Jiao, Y., Hammer, F., Wang, H., Wang, J., Amram, P., Chemin, L., & Yang, Y. (2023) · Astronomy & Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202347513 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Melchiorri, A., & Ruchika (2026) · New Astronomy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.newar.2026.101758
“The Orphan-Chenab stream (Koposov et al., 2023) For the canonical NFW halo ( r s = 14 .”
- Authors
- Koposov, S. E., Erkal, D., Li, T. S., Da Costa, G. S., Cullinane, L. R., Ji, A. P., Kuehn, K., Lewis, G. F., Pace, A. B., Shipp, N., Zucker, D. B., Bland-Hawthorn, J., Lilleengen, S., Martell, S. L., & (S5 Collaboration)
- Affiliations
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- University of Surrey (GB)
- University of Toronto (CA)
- Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Australian National University , Canberra, ACT 2611, Australia
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- University of Chicago (US)
- Lowell Observatory (US)
- The University of Sydney (AU)
- Carnegie Mellon University (US)
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
- Macquarie University (AU)
- Centre of Excellence for All-Sky Astrophysics in Three Dimensions (ASTRO 3D) , Australia
- UNSW Sydney (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Koposov, Sergey E
- Erkal, Denis
- ORCID
- Venue
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2023-02-20
- Volume
- 521
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 4936-4962
- ISSN
- 0035-8711 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-2966
- OpenAlex
- W4321479452
- Cited by
- 109
- References
- 143
- Citations by year
- 2026: 22 · 2025: 39 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 19
- FWCI
- 12.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information) (submittedVersion)
- Edinburgh Research Explorer (University of Edinburgh) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (cc-by)
- Funders
- ARC (DP210100855)
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (RGPIN-2022-04794)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations
- Keywords
- Milky Way potential, Large Magellanic Cloud, stellar streams, dynamical friction, stream kinematics, Gaia
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