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The apostle project: Local Group kinematic mass constraints and simulation candidate selection
Open accessAbstract
We use a large sample of isolated dark matter halo pairs drawn from cosmological N-body simulations to identify candidate systems whose kinematics match that of the Local Group (LG) of galaxies. We find, in agreement with the ‘timing argument’ and earlier work, that the separation and approach velocity of the Milky Way (MW) and Andromeda (M31) galaxies favour a total mass for the pair of ∼5 × 1012 M⊙. A mass this large, however, is difficult to reconcile with the small relative tangential velocity of the pair, as well as with the small deceleration from the Hubble flow observed for the most distant LG members. Halo pairs that match these three criteria have average masses a factor of ∼2 times smaller than suggested by the timing argument, but with large dispersion. Guided by these results, we have selected 12 halo pairs with total mass in the range 1.6–3.6 × 1012 M⊙ for the apostle project (A Project Of Simulating The Local Environment), a suite of hydrodynamical resimulations at various numerical resolution levels (reaching up to ∼104 M⊙ per gas particle) that use the subgrid physics developed for the eagle project. These simulations reproduce, by construction, the main kinematics of the MW–M31 pair, and produce satellite populations whose overall number, luminosities, and kinematics are in good agreement with observations of the MW and M31 companions. The apostle candidate systems thus provide an excellent testbed to confront directly many of the predictions of the Λ cold dark matter cosmology with observations of our local Universe.
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“APOSTLE is a suite of 12 pairs of MW-mass haloes selected to resemble the Local Group in terms of mass, separation, relative velocity and local environment”
From The milky way total mass profile as inferred from Gaia DR2 (2020) · cites this paper as Fattahi et al. 2016
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Metadata
- Authors
- Fattahi, A., Navarro, J. F., Sawala, T., Frenk, C. S., Oman, K. A., Crain, R. A., Furlong, M., Schaller, M., Schaye, J., Theuns, T., & Jenkins, A.
- Affiliations
- University of Victoria (CA)
- University of Helsinki (FI)
- Durham University (GB)
- Liverpool John Moores University (GB)
- Leiden University (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Fattahi, Azadeh
- ORCID
- Venue
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2016-01-27
- Volume
- 457
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 844-856
- ISSN
- 0035-8711 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-2966
- OpenAlex
- W1505073781
- Cited by
- 214
- References
- 73
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 16
- FWCI
- 12.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (publishedVersion)
- Durham Research Online (Durham University) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (acceptedVersion)
- Liverpool John Moores University (acceptedVersion)
- Durham Research Online (Durham University) (acceptedVersion)
- Leiden Repository (Leiden University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Leiden Repository (Leiden University) (submittedVersion)
- Durham Research Online (Durham University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Työväentutkimus Vuosikirja (submittedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (ST/K003267/1, ST/H008519/1, FP7/2007-2013, ST/K00042X/1, 1066293)
- Aspen Center for Physics (1066293, PHYS-1066293)
- Compute Canada
- Western Canada Research Grid
- Leverhulme Trust (FP7/2007-2013)
- European Commission (278594, 2007–2013, FP7 2007-2013, FP7/2007)
- Durham University (ST/K00087X/1, ST/K00042X/1, ST/K003267/1, ST/H008519/1)
- Belgian Federal Science Policy Office (AP P7/08 CHARM)
- University of California, Santa Barbara (PHY11-25915)
- Science and Technology Facilities Council (ST/H008519, ST/K00042X/1, ST/I00162X/1, PHYS-1066293, ST/ K00087X/1, FP7/2007-2013, ST/J001465/1, ST/M007006/1, ST/F001166/1, ST/H008519/1, ST/K003267/1)
- Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara (PHY-11-25915)
- FP7 Ideas: European Research Council (267291)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Cosmology and Gravitation Theories
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
- Keywords
- Local Group, timing argument, EAGLE project
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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