Cited by 84Genetic and phenotypic traits in livestockGenetic diversity and population structureGenetic Mapping and Diversity in Plants and Animals

Global Genetic Diversity, Introgression, and Evolutionary Adaptation of Indicine Cattle Revealed by Whole Genome Sequencing

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Chen, Ningbo, Xia, Xiaoting, Hanif, Quratulain, Zhang, Fengwei, Dang, Ruihua, Huang, Bizhi, Lyu, Yang, Luo, Xiaoyu +49 more·2023·Nature Communications

Abstract

Indicine cattle, also referred to as zebu (Bos taurus indicus), play a central role in pastoral communities across a wide range of agro-ecosystems, from extremely hot semiarid regions to hot humid tropical regions. However, their adaptive genetic changes following their dispersal into East Asia from the Indian subcontinent have remained poorly documented. Here, we characterize their global genetic diversity using high-quality whole-genome sequencing data from 354 indicine cattle of 57 breeds/populations, including major indicine phylogeographic groups worldwide. We reveal their probable migration into East Asia was along a coastal route rather than inland routes and we detected introgression from other bovine species. Genomic regions carrying morphology-, immune-, and heat-tolerance-related genes underwent divergent selection according to Asian agro-ecologies. We identify distinct sets of loci that contain promising candidate variants for adaptation to hot semi-arid and hot humid tropical ecosystems. Our results indicate that the rapid and successful adaptation of East Asian indicine cattle to hot humid environments was promoted by localized introgression from banteng and/or gaur. Our findings provide insights into the history and environmental adaptation of indicine cattle.

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  • The molecular divergence estimate strongly supports two independent domestication events involving distinct aurochs subspecies.

    “strongly supporting the two independent domestication events involving distinct aurochs subspecies.”

    From The Genomic Landscape of Cattle: Domestication, Dispersal, and Adaptive Evolution (2026) · cites this paper as [10]

    The Results section, “Demographic history of indicine cattle” (page unavailable), estimates that indicine groups diverged from taurine groups 251.5–301.2 thousand years ago. The Introduction describes separate taurine and indicine domestications, but identifies the resulting cattle—not their aurochs ancestors—as distinct subspecies. It does not explicitly conclude that the divergence estimate strongly supports domestication of distinct aurochs subspecies. (LLM, conf=0.85)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Molecular divergence of taurine and indicine lineages occurred approximately 201,000-301,200 years ago.

    “Molecular divergence of taurine and indicine (also referred to as zebu) lineages is estimated to have occurred at approximately 201,000–301,200 years ago [5,7,8,9,10], strongly supporting the two independent domestication events involving distinct aurochs subspecies.”

    From The Genomic Landscape of Cattle: Domestication, Dispersal, and Adaptive Evolution (2026) · cites this paper as [10]

    The Results section, “Demographic history of indicine cattle” (page not available), estimates that indicine groups diverged from taurine groups 251,500–301,200 years ago. This supports the divergence claim and its upper bound, but not the cited lower bound of 201,000 years. (LLM, conf=0.90)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • The divergence of Y3a from Y3b, as well as sub-haplogroups within indicine mitogenomes, occurred approximately 23,100-24,800 years ago, while South Asian indicine ancestry diverged from East Asian and African indicine ancestry approximately 10,300-40,100 and 11,800 years ago, respectively.

    “The divergence of Y3a from Y3b, as well as sub-haplogroups within indicine mitogenomes, occurred approximately 23,100–24,800 years ago, while South Asian indicine ancestry diverged from East Asian and African indicine ancestry approximately 10,300–40,100 and 11,800 years ago, respectively [9,10].”

    From The Genomic Landscape of Cattle: Domestication, Dispersal, and Adaptive Evolution (2026) · cites this paper as [10]

    Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • The introgression proportions of banteng, gaur, and yak ancestries into East Asian indicine or Tibetan taurine cattle ranged from 1.13% to 10.21%, 2.06% to 9.98%, and 0.05% to 2.94%, respectively.

    “The introgression proportions of banteng (Bos javanicus), gaur (Bos gaurus), and yak (Bos mutus) ancestries into East Asian indicine or Tibetan taurine cattle ranged from 1.13% to 10.21%, 2.06% to 9.98%, and 0.05% to 2.94%, respectively [9,10].”

    From The Genomic Landscape of Cattle: Domestication, Dispersal, and Adaptive Evolution (2026) · cites this paper as [10]

    The Results section, “The indicine adaptation to the tropical, humid Asian environment” (page unavailable), gives the stated banteng and gaur ancestry ranges for East Asian indicine genomes. The copy includes yak genomes in the analysis, but the searched passages do not report the claimed 0.05%–2.94% yak ancestry range in Tibetan taurine cattle. (LLM, conf=0.88)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • A previous study reported an expansion of cattle carrying the I1a sub-haplogroup around 3730 years ago, indicating a marked increase in zebu cattle dispersal and exchange frequency beginning approximately 4000 years ago.

    “A previous study also reported an expansion of cattle carrying I1a sub-haplogroup around 3730 years ago [10], indicating a marked increase in zebu cattle dispersal and exchange frequency beginning approximately 4000 years ago.”

    From The Genomic Landscape of Cattle: Domestication, Dispersal, and Adaptive Evolution (2026) · cites this paper as [10]

    The Results (Demographic history of indicine cattle; page unavailable) report an I1a population increase at approximately 3.73 kya. The Discussion links I1a expansion to indicine entry into East Asia around 3–5 kya. The paper does not establish a marked increase in the frequency of cattle dispersal and exchange beginning around 4 kya. (LLM, conf=0.87)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

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Research works printed but not linked: 1

  1. [50]Van Alfen, N. K. Encyclopedia of Agriculture and Food Systems (Elsevier, 2014).

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Authors
Chen, N., Xia, X., Hanif, Q., Zhang, F., Dang, R., Huang, B., Lyu, Y., Luo, X., Zhang, H., Yan, H., Wang, S., Wang, F., Chen, J., Guan, X., Liu, Y., Li, S., Jin, L., Wang, P., Sun, L., Zhang, J., Liu, J., Qu, K., Cao, Y., Sun, J., Liao, Y., Xiao, Z., Cai, M., Mu, L., Siddiki, A. Z., Asif, M., Mansoor, S., Babar, M. E., Hussain, T., Silva, G. L. L. P., Gorkhali, N. A., Terefe, E., Belay, G., Tijjani, A., Zegeye, T., Gebre, M. G., Ma, Y., Wang, Y., Huang, Y., Lan, X., Chen, H., Migliore, N. R., Colombo, G., Semino, O., Achilli, A., Sinding, M.-H. S., Lenstra, J. A., Cheng, H., Lu, W., Hanotte, O., Han, J., Jiang, Y., & Lei, C.
Affiliations
  • Northwest A&F University (CN)
  • National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (PK)
  • Yunnan University (CN)
  • Chuxiong Normal University (CN)
  • Guangxi Vocational University of Agriculture (CN)
  • Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute (CN)
  • Southwest Forestry University (CN)
  • Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (BD)
  • The University Of Agriculture Dera Ismail Khan (PK)
  • Virtual University of Pakistan (PK)
  • University of Peradeniya (LK)
  • Nepal Agricultural Research Council (NP)
  • Arsi University (ET)
  • Addis Ababa University (ET)
  • Jackson Laboratory (US)
  • Haramaya University (ET)
  • Ningxia University (CN)
  • University of Pavia (IT)
  • University of Copenhagen (DK)
  • Utrecht University (NL)
  • Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CN)
  • Jilin Agricultural University (CN)
  • University of Nottingham (GB)
  • Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CN)
Corresponding author
  • Han, Jianlin
  • Jiang, Yu
Venue
Nature Communications
Published
2023-11-28
Volume
14
Issue
1
Pages
7803-7803
ISSN
2041-1723 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W4389086892
Cited by
83
References
85
Citations by year
2026: 27 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 26
FWCI
13.95
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Nature Communications (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Repository@Nottingham (University of Nottingham) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
  • Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
  • CGSPace A Repository of Agricultural Research Outputs (Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • The Mouseion at the JAXlibrary (Jackson Laboratory) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Greater South Information System
Funders
  • Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (OPP1127286)
  • National Natural Science Foundation of China (2021YFD1200400, 202205AR070001, CARS-37, 31872317, 2022YFF1000100, 31861143014, 32072720, 32102523)
  • China Postdoctoral Science Foundation
  • Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CARS-37)
  • Northwest A and F University (CARS-37)
  • Addis Ababa University
  • International Livestock Research Institute
  • Consortium of International Agricultural Research Centers
  • Scotland’s Rural College
  • Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (OPP1127286)
  • Earmarked Fund for Modern Agro-industry Technology Research System (CARS-37)
  • Earmarked Fund for China Agriculture Research System (CARS-37)
  • National Key Research and Development Program of China (2021YFD1200400, CARS-37, 31861143014, 2022YFF1000100, SQ2021YFF1000041)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic and phenotypic traits in livestock
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic diversity and population structure
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Mapping and Diversity in Plants and Animals
Keywords
Bos indicus, genetic diversity, introgression, divergent selection, adaptive evolution, heat tolerance, immune-related genes, East Asian migration, phylogeography, banteng, gaur, candidate variants
MeSH terms
Whole Genome Sequencing, Alleles, Animals, Cattle, Biological Evolution, Genetic Variation, Ecosystem, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide

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