Human-like social skills in dogs?
Abstract
Domestic dogs are unusually skilled at reading human social and communicative behavior--even more so than our nearest primate relatives. For example, they use human social and communicative behavior (e.g. a pointing gesture) to find hidden food, and they know what the human can and cannot see in various situations. Recent comparisons between canid species suggest that these unusual social skills have a heritable component and initially evolved during domestication as a result of selection on systems mediating fear and aggression towards humans. Differences in chimpanzee and human temperament suggest that a similar process may have been an important catalyst leading to the evolution of unusual social skills in our own species. The study of convergent evolution provides an exciting opportunity to gain further insights into the evolutionary processes leading to human-like forms of cooperation and communication.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
According to the emotional reactivity hypothesis, the selection for 'friendliness' or 'tameness' played a major role in the early stage of domestication in modern dogs.
“According to the emotional reactivity hypothesis, the selection for ‘friendliness’ or ‘tameness’ played a major role in the early stage of domestication in modern dogs [19,20].”
From Are dark-eyed dogs favoured by humans? Domestication as a potential driver of iris colour difference between dogs and wolves (2023) · cites this paper as [19]
Compared with wolves, dogs can use spontaneous eye contact behaviour toward humans in the context of the need for cooperative help from humans.
“Many comparative studies on dogs and wolves have shown that, compared with wolves, dogs can use spontaneous eye contact behaviour toward humans in the context of the need for cooperative help from humans [19,30,31].”
From Are dark-eyed dogs favoured by humans? Domestication as a potential driver of iris colour difference between dogs and wolves (2023) · cites this paper as [19]
Cites
The variation of animals and plants under domestication /
Darwin, C. R. (1905) · J. Murray eBooks · doi:10.5962/bhl.title.84435 · Cited by 1,719 · see citing works
Multiple and Ancient Origins of the Domestic Dog
Vilà, C., Savolainen, P., Maldonado, J. E., Amorim, I. R., Rice, J. E., Honeycutt, R. L., Crandall, K. A., Lundeberg, J., & Wayne, R. K. (1997) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.276.5319.1687 · Cited by 1,091 · see citing works
The Domestication of Social Cognition in Dogs
Hare, B. A., Brown, M. L., Williamson, C., & Tomasello, M. (2002) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1072702 · Cited by 1,048 · see citing works
Self-citationGenetic Evidence for an East Asian Origin of Domestic Dogs
Savolainen, P., Zhang, Y.-P., Luo, J., Lundeberg, J., & Leitner, T. (2002) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1073906 · Cited by 960 · see citing works
A Simple Reason for a Big Difference
Miklósi, Á., Kubinyi, E., Topál, J., Gácsi, M., Virányi, Z., & Csányi, V. (2003) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/s0960-9822(03)00263-x · Cited by 718 · see citing works
Word Learning in a Domestic Dog: Evidence for "Fast Mapping"
Kaminski, J., Call, J., & Fischer, J. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1097859 · Cited by 684 · see citing works
What Young Chimpanzees Know about Seeing
Povinelli, D. J., Eddy, T. J., Hobson, R. P., & Tomasello, M. (1996) · Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development · doi:10.2307/1166159 · Cited by 648 · see citing works
Self-citationEarly canid domestication: the farm-fox experiment.
Trut, L. (1999) · American Scientist · doi:10.1511/1999.2.160 · Cited by 626 · see citing works
Chimpanzees understand psychological states – the question is which ones and to what extent
Tomasello, M., Call, J., & Hare, B. (2003) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(03)00035-4 · Cited by 573 · see citing works
Self-citationChimpanzee minds: suspiciously human?
Povinelli, D. J., & Vonk, J. M. (2003) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(03)00053-6 · Cited by 549 · see citing works
A Natural History of Domesticated Mammals
Clutton–Brock, J. (1987) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 501 · see citing works
The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication
Darwin, C. R. (2010) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511709517 · Cited by 431 · see citing works
Use of experimenter-given cues in dogs
Miklösi, Á., Polgárdi, R., Topál, J., & Csányi, V. (1998) · Animal Cognition · doi:10.1007/s100710050016 · Cited by 428 · see citing works
Engineering cooperation in chimpanzees: tolerance constraints on cooperation.
Melis, A. P., Hare, B., & Tomasello, M. (2006) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2005.09.018 · Cited by 427 · see citing works
Genetic Structure of the Purebred Domestic Dog
Parker, H., Kim, L., Sutter, N., Carlson, S., Lorentzen, T. D., Malek, T. B., Johnson, G. S., DeFrance, H. B., Ostrander, E., & Kruglyak, L. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1097406 · Cited by 405 · see citing works
‘Unwilling’ versus ‘unable’: chimpanzees’ understanding of human intentional action
Call, J., Hare, B. A., Carpenter, M., & Tomasello, M. (2004) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2004.00368.x · Cited by 388 · see citing works
Self-citationChimpanzees are more skilful in competitive than in cooperative cognitive tasks
Hare, B. A., & Tomasello, M. (2004) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2003.11.011 · Cited by 377 · see citing works
Self-citationOne‐year‐olds comprehend the communicative intentions behind gestures in a hiding game
Behne, T., Carpenter, M., & Tomasello, M. (2005) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2005.00440.x · Cited by 350 · see citing works
Self-citationSocial Cognitive Evolution in Captive Foxes Is a Correlated By-Product of Experimental Domestication
Hare, B., Plyusnina, I., Ignacio, N., Schepina, O., Stepika, A., Wrangham, R., & Trut, L. (2005) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2005.01.040 · Cited by 347 · see citing works
Self-citationDomestic dogs (Canis familiaris) use human and conspecific social cues to locate hidden food.
Hare, B. A., & Tomasello, M. (1999) · Journal of comparative psychology · doi:10.1037/0735-7036.113.2.173 · Cited by 346 · see citing works
Self-citationComprehension of human communicative signs in pet dogs (Canis familiaris).
Soproni, K., Miklósi, Á., Topál, J., et al. (2001) · Journal of comparative psychology · doi:10.1037/0735-7036.115.2.122 · Cited by 345 · see citing works
Chimpanzees deceive a human competitor by hiding
Hare, B. A., Call, J., & Tomasello, M. (2006) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2005.01.011 · Cited by 340 · see citing works
Self-citationDomestic dogs (Canis familiaris) are sensitive to the attentional state of humans.
Call, J., Bräuer, J., Kaminski, J., & Tomasello, M. (2003) · Journal of comparative psychology · doi:10.1037/0735-7036.117.3.257 · Cited by 339 · see citing works
Self-citationMiklósi, Á., Polgárdi, R., Topál, J., & Csányi, V. (2000) · Animal Cognition · doi:10.1007/s100710000072 · Cited by 333 · see citing works
Comparative social cognition: what can dogs teach us?
Miklósi, Á., Topál, J., & Csányi, V. (2004) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2003.10.008 · Cited by 291 · see citing works
Gácsi, M., Miklósi, Á., Varga, O., et al. (2003) · Animal Cognition · doi:10.1007/s10071-003-0205-8 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
Dogs respond appropriately to cues of humans’ attentional focus
Virányi, Z., Topál, J., Gácsi, M., Miklósi, Á., & Csányi, V. (2004) · Behavioural Processes · doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2004.01.012 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
Comprehension of Novel Communicative Signs by Apes and Human Children
Tomasello, M., Call, J., & Gluckman, A. (1997) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1997.tb01985.x · Cited by 263 · see citing works
Self-citationCues to food location that domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) of different ages do and do not use
Agnetta, B., Hare, B. A., & Tomasello, M. (2000) · Animal Cognition · doi:10.1007/s100710000070 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
Self-citationUse of human-given cues by domestic dogs ( Canis familiaris ) and horses ( Equus caballus )
McKinley, J., & Sambrook, T. D. (2000) · Animal Cognition · doi:10.1007/s100710050046 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
A natural history of domesticated mammals
Fraser, A. F. (1989) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/0168-1591(89)90118-4 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Call, J., & Tomasello, M. (1998) · Journal of comparative psychology · doi:10.1037/0735-7036.112.2.192 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Self-citationPongrácz, P., Miklósi, Á., Enikö Kubinyi, B., Gurobi, K., Topál, J., & Csányi, V. (2001) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1006/anbe.2001.1866 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Body orientation and face orientation: two factors controlling apes? begging behavior from humans
Kaminski, J., Call, J., & Tomasello, M. (2004) · Animal Cognition · doi:10.1007/s10071-004-0214-2 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Self-citationCase, R. (1996) · Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1540-5834.1996.tb00535.x · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Communication of Food Location Between Human and Dog (Canis Familiaris)
Hare, B. A., Call, J., & Tomasello, M. (1998) · Evolution of Communication · doi:10.1075/eoc.2.1.06har · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Self-citationVisual perspective taking in dogs (Canis familiaris) in the presence of barriers
Bräuer, J., Call, J., & Tomasello, M. (2004) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2004.03.004 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Self-citationUse of experimenter-given cues during object-choice tasks by capuchin monkeys
Anderson, J. R., Sallaberry, P., & Barbier, H. (1995) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/0003-3472(95)80168-5 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Human domestication reconsidered.
Leach, H. M. (2003) · Current Anthropology · doi:10.1086/368119 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Exploitation of pointing as a referential gesture in young children, but not adolescent chimpanzees
Povinelli, D. J., Reaux, J. E., Bierschwale, D. T., Allain, A., & Simon, B. B. (1997) · Cognitive Development · doi:10.1016/s0885-2014(97)90017-4 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Comprehension of Novel Communicative Signs by Apes and Human Children
Tomasello, M., Call, J., & Gluckman, A. (1997) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1132292 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Self-citationHierarchy in the Forest: The Evolution of Egalitarian Behavior
BOEHM, C. (1999) · doi:10.4159/9780674028449 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Itakura, S., & Tanaka, M. (1998) · Journal of comparative psychology · doi:10.1037/0735-7036.112.2.119 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Cues that chimpanzees do and do not use to find hidden objects
Call, J., Agnetta, B., & Tomasello, M. (2000) · Animal Cognition · doi:10.1007/s100710050047 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Self-citationChimpanzee Use of Human and Conspecific Social Cues to Locate Hidden Food
Itakura, S., Agnetta, B., Hare, B. A., & Tomasello, M. (1999) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/1467-7687.00089 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Self-citationComprehension of seeing as a referential act in young children, but not juvenile chimpanzees
Povinelli, D. J., Bierschwale, D. T., & Čech, C. G. (1999) · British Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1348/026151099165140 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Clever hounds: social cognition in the domestic dog (Canis familiaris)
Cooper, J. J., Ashton, C., Bishop, S. C., West, R., Mills, D. S., & Young, R. J. (2003) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/s0168-1591(02)00284-8 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
The effect of humans on the cognitive development of apes
Call, J., & Tomasello, M. (1996) · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Self-citationOsthaus, B., Lea, S. E. G., & Slater, A. M. (2004) · Animal Cognition · doi:10.1007/s10071-004-0230-2 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Evidence for the involvement of central serotonin in mechanism of domestication of silver foxes
Popova, N. K., Voǐtenko, N. N., Kulikov, A. V., & Avgustinovich, D. F. (1991) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/0091-3057(91)90080-l · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Evolution of Canine Information Processing under Conditions of Natural and Artificial Selection
Frank, H. A. (1980) · Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie · doi:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1980.tb01059.x · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Slabbert, J. M., & Rasa, O. A. E. (1997) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/s0168-1591(96)01163-x · Cited by 109 · see citing works
On the effects of domestication on canine social development and behavior
Frank, H., & Frank, M. G. (1982) · Applied Animal Ethology · doi:10.1016/0304-3762(82)90215-2 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Interaction between individual experience and social learning in dogs
Pongrácz, P., Miklósi, Á., Kubinyi, E., et al. (2003) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1006/anbe.2003.2079 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Watson, J. S., Gergely, G., Csányi, V., et al. (2001) · Journal of comparative psychology · doi:10.1037/0735-7036.115.3.219 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Dogs (Canis familiaris) learn their owners via observation in a manipulation task.
Kubinyi, E., Topál, J., Miklósi, Á., et al. (2003) · Journal of comparative psychology · doi:10.1037/0735-7036.117.2.156 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Experimental studies of early canid domestication.
Ln, T. (2001) · CABI Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1079/9780851995205.0015 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Destabilizing selection as a factor in domestication
BELYAEV, D. K. (1979) · Journal of Heredity · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a109263 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Plyusnina, I. Z., Oskina, I. N., & Trut, L. N. (1991) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/s0168-1591(05)80048-6 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Markman, E. M., & Abelev, M. (2004) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2004.09.007 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Social mimetic behaviour and social anticipation in dogs: preliminary results
Enikö Kubinyi, B., Miklósi, Á., Topál, J., & Csányi, V. (2003) · Animal Cognition · doi:10.1007/s10071-003-0163-1 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Frank, H., Frank, M. G., Hasselbach, L. M., & Littleton, D. M. (1989) · Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society · doi:10.3758/bf03334654 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
[Intracranial allometry and craniologic changes during domestication of silver foxes].
Ln, T., Dzerzhinskiĭ, F. I., & Vs, N. (1991) · PubMed · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Ln, T., Pliusnina, I. Z., Kolesnikova, L. A., et al. (2000) · PubMed · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Tomasello, M., Carpenter, M., & Liszkowski, U. (2007) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01025.x · Cited by 1,039 · see citing works
Self-citationOxytocin-gaze positive loop and the coevolution of human-dog bonds
Nagasawa, M., Mitsui, S., En, S., Ohtani, N., Ohta, M., Sakuma, Y., Onaka, T., Mogi, K., & Kikusui, T. (2015) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1261022 · Cited by 753 · see citing works
Two Key Steps in the Evolution of Human Cooperation: The Interdependence Hypothesis
Tomasello, M., Melis, A. P., Tennie, C., Wyman, E., & Herrmann, E. (2012) · Current Anthropology · doi:10.1086/668207 · Cited by 738 · see citing works
Self-citationHare, B., Wobber, V., & Wrangham, R. (2012) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2011.12.007 · Cited by 613 · see citing works
Self-citationSurvival of the Friendliest: <i>Homo sapiens</i> Evolved via Selection for Prosociality
Hare, B. (2017) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010416-044201 · Cited by 444 · see citing works
Self-citationEngineering cooperation in chimpanzees: tolerance constraints on cooperation.
Melis, A. P., Hare, B., & Tomasello, M. (2006) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2005.09.018 · Cited by 427 · see citing works
A comparative view of face perception.
Leopold, D. A., & Rhodes, G. (2010) · Journal of Comparative Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0019460 · Cited by 311 · see citing works
Coupled oscillator dynamics of vocal turn-taking in monkeys
Takahashi, D. Y., Narayanan, D. Z., & Ghazanfar, A. A. (2013) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2013.09.005 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Craniofacial feminization, social tolerance, and the origins of behavioral modernity
Cieri, R. L., Churchill, S. E., Franciscus, R. G., Tan, J., & Hare, B. (2014) · Current Anthropology · doi:10.1086/677209 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Self-citationvonHoldt, B. M., Shuldiner, E., Koch, I. J., Kartzinel, R. Y., Hogan, A., Brubaker, L., Wanser, S., Stahler, D., Wynne, C. D. L., Ostrander, E. A., et al. (2017) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.1700398 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Theory of mind in animals: current and future directions
Krupenye, C., & Call, J. (2019) · WIREs Cognitive Science · doi:10.1002/wcs.1503 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Self-domestication in Homo sapiens: Insights from comparative genomics
Theofanopoulou, C., Gastaldon, S., O’Rourke, T., Samuels, B. D., Messner, A., Martins, P. T., Delogu, F., Alamri, S., & Boeckx, C. (2017) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0185306 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Human culture in evolutionary perspective
Tomasello, M. (2010) · Advances in Culture and Psychology · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195380392.003.0001 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Self-citationHighly heritable and functionally relevant breed differences in dog behaviour
MacLean, E. L., Snyder-Mackler, N., vonHoldt, B. M., & Serpell, J. A. (2019) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2019.0716 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Animal models of Alzheimer disease: historical pitfalls and a path forward
Cavanaugh, S. E. (2014) · ALTEX · doi:10.14573/altex.1310071 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Validation of salivary oxytocin and vasopressin as biomarkers in domestic dogs
MacLean, E. L., Gesquiere, L. R., Gee, N., Levy, K., Martin, W. L., & Carter, C. S. (2018) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2017.08.033 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Wang, X., Pipes, L., Trut, L. N., Herbeck, Y., Vladimirova, A. V., Gulevich, R. G., Kharlamova, A. V., Johnson, J. L., Acland, G. M., Kukekova, A. V., et al. (2018) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1800889115 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Integrating social ecology in explanations of wolf–dog behavioral differences
Marshall-Pescini, S., Cafazzo, S., Virányi, Z., & Range, F. (2017) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2017.05.002 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Comparing wolves and dogs: current status and implications for human ‘self-domestication’
Range, F., & Marshall-Pescini, S. (2022) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2022.01.003 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
“Emotional reactivity hypothesis [45,46]: as a by-product of selection for tameness, dogs use their species-specific cooperative/communicative skills with humans.”
BackgroundIdentification of genomic variants putatively targeted by selection during dog domestication
Cagan, A., & Blass, T. (2016) · BMC Evolutionary Biology · doi:10.1186/s12862-015-0579-7 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Plotnik, J. M., Pokorny, J. J., Keratimanochaya, T., Webb, C., Beronja, H. F., Hennessy, A., Hill, J., Hill, V. J., Kiss, R., Maguire, C., et al. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0061174 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Evolutionary History, Selective Sweeps, and Deleterious Variation in the Dog
Freedman, A. H., Lohmueller, K. E., & Wayne, R. K. (2016) · Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics · doi:10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-121415-032155 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Globularization and domestication.
Benítez-Burraco, A., Theofanopoulou, C., & Boeckx, C. (2018) · Topoi · doi:10.1007/s11245-016-9399-7 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Concepts in the Brain: The View From Cross-linguistic Diversity
Kemmerer, D. (2019) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190682620.001.0001 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Gácsi, M., Győri, B., Virányi, Z., Kubinyi, E., Range, F., Belényi, B., & Miklósi, Á. (2009) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/annotation/9d7a0174-3068-4c44-bb98-b8a9bc5a99d5 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Konno, A., Aoki, H., Suzuki, E., Furuta, S., & Ueda, S. (2023) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.230854 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“First, according to the emotional reactivity hypothesis, the selection for ‘ friendliness ’ or ‘ tameness ’ played a major role in the early stage of domestication in modern dogs [19,20].”
BackgroundNeuroendocrine mechanisms of social bonds and separation stress in rodents, dogs, and other species
Nagasawa, M., & Kikusui, T. (2021) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2021_257 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
- Authors
- Hare, B., & Tomasello, M.
- Affiliations
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Hare, Brian
- ORCID
- Tomasello, Michael
- Venue
- Trends in Cognitive Sciences
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2005-09
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 439-444
- ISSN
- 1364-6613 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2151550426
- Cited by
- 967
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2026: 36 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 45 · 2023: 50 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 65 · 2020: 76 · 2019: 63 · 2018: 58 · 2017: 77 · 2016: 54 · 2015: 48 · 2014: 53 · 2013: 51 · 2012: 41
- FWCI
- 2.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Trends in Cognitive Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (submittedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Human-Animal Interaction Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Primate Behavior and Ecology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Keywords
- dogs, human-dog communication, pointing gestures, hidden food location, domestication, heritability, convergent evolution, evolution of cooperation, evolution of communication
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Animal Communication, Behavior, Animal, Cognition, Dogs, Biological Evolution, Humans, Social Behavior
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
