Highly heritable and functionally relevant breed differences in dog behaviour
Open accessPublished version of a preprint
Abstract
Variation across dog breeds presents a unique opportunity to investigate the evolution and biological basis of complex behavioural traits. We integrated behavioural data from more than 14 000 dogs from 101 breeds with breed-averaged genotypic data ( n = 5697 dogs) from over 100 000 loci in the dog genome. We found high levels of among-breed heritability for 14 behavioural traits (the proportion of trait variance attributable to genetic similarity among breeds). We next identified 131 single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with breed differences in behaviour, which were found in genes that are highly expressed in the brain and enriched for neurobiological functions and developmental processes, suggesting that they may be functionally associated with behavioural differences. Our results shed light on the heritability and genetic architecture of complex behavioural traits and identify dogs as a powerful model in which to address these questions.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Certain behaviours, such as trainability, aggression towards strangers, attention seeking, and attachment, may be more heritable than others.
“Additionally, studies have shown that certain behaviours, such as trainability, aggression towards strangers, attention seeking, and attachment, may be more heritable than others [165].”
From Ethical Concerns about Fashionable Dog Breeding (2024) · cites this paper as [165]
Cites
Controlling the False Discovery Rate: A Practical and Powerful Approach to Multiple Testing
Benjamini, Y., & Hochberg, Y. (1995) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B: Statistical Methodology · doi:10.1111/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x · Cited by 109,482 · see citing works
PLINK: a tool set for whole-genome association and population-based linkage analyses.
Purcell, S., Neale, B., Todd-Brown, K., Thomas, L., Ferreira, M. A. R., Bender, D., Maller, J., Sklar, P., de Bakker, P. I. W., Daly, M. J., et al. (2007) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1086/519795 · Cited by 34,089 · see citing works
Regularization Paths for Generalized Linear Models via Coordinate Descent
Friedman, J., Hastie, T., & Tibshirani, R. (2010) · Journal of Statistical Software · doi:10.18637/jss.v033.i01 · Cited by 19,927 · see citing works
Tissue-based map of the human proteome
Uhlén, M., Fagerberg, L., Hallström, B. M., Lindskog, C., Oksvold, P., Mardinoglu, A., Sivertsson, Å., Kampf, C., Sjöstedt, E., Asplund, A., et al. (2015) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1260419 · Cited by 15,286 · see citing works
MCMC Methods for Multi-Response Generalized Linear Mixed Models: The MCMCglmm R Package
Hadfield, J. D. (2010) · Journal of Statistical Software · doi:10.18637/jss.v033.i02 · Cited by 4,900 · see citing works
Mapping identifiers for the integration of genomic datasets with the R/Bioconductor package biomaRt
Durinck, S., Spellman, P. T., Birney, E., & Huber, W. K. (2009) · Nature Protocols · doi:10.1038/nprot.2009.97 · Cited by 4,081 · see citing works
Genome-wide efficient mixed-model analysis for association studies
Zhou, X., & Stephens, M. (2012) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.2310 · Cited by 3,627 · cited 7× · see citing works
“EMMA models were fit using the EMMREML R package (34).”
MethodInfluentialGenome sequence, comparative analysis and haplotype structure of the domestic dog
members, B. S. P., Lindblad-Toh, K., Wade, C. M., Mikkelsen, T. S., Karlsson, E. K., Jaffe, D. B., Kamal, M., Clamp, M., Chang, J. L., Kulbokas, E. J., et al. (2005) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature04338 · Cited by 2,568 · see citing works
BioMart and Bioconductor: a powerful link between biological databases and microarray data analysis
Durinck, S., Moreau, Y., Kasprzyk, A., Davis, S. R., Moor, B. D., Brāzma, A., & Huber, W. K. (2005) · Computer applications in the biosciences · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/bti525 · Cited by 2,327 · see citing works
Heritability in the genomics era — concepts and misconceptions
Visscher, P. M., Hill, W. G., & Wray, N. R. (2008) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg2322 · Cited by 1,921 · see citing works
Efficient Control of Population Structure in Model Organism Association Mapping
Kang, H. M., Zaitlen, N., Wade, C. M., Kirby, A. W., Heckerman, D. E., Daly, M. J., & Eskin, E. (2008) · Genetics · doi:10.1534/genetics.107.080101 · Cited by 1,848 · see citing works
dendextend: an R package for visualizing, adjusting and comparing trees of hierarchical clustering
Galili, T. (2015) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btv428 · Cited by 1,826 · see citing works
Neuroendocrine perspectives on social attachment and love
Sue Carter, C. (1998) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/s0306-4530(98)00055-9 · Cited by 1,425 · see citing works
An ecologist’s guide to the animal model
Wilson, A. J., Réale, D. J. F., Clements, M., Morrissey, M. M., Postma, E., Walling, C. A., Kruuk, L. E. B., & Nussey, D. H. (2009) · Journal of Animal Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2656.2009.01639.x · Cited by 1,037 · see citing works
Human-like social skills in dogs?
Hare, B., & Tomasello, M. (2005) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2005.07.003 · Cited by 967 · see citing works
Genome-wide SNP and haplotype analyses reveal a rich history underlying dog domestication
vonHoldt, B. M., Pollinger, J. P., Lohmueller, K. E., Han, E., Parker, H. G., Quignon, P., Degenhardt, J. D., Boyko, A. R., Earl, D. A., Auton, A., et al. (2010) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature08837 · Cited by 804 · see citing works
Self-citationOxytocin-gaze positive loop and the coevolution of human-dog bonds
Nagasawa, M., Mitsui, S., En, S., Ohtani, N., Ohta, M., Sakuma, Y., Onaka, T., Mogi, K., & Kikusui, T. (2015) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1261022 · Cited by 753 · see citing works
Wilkins, A. S., Wrangham, R. W., & Fitch, W. T. (2014) · Genetics · doi:10.1534/genetics.114.165423 · Cited by 751 · see citing works
Hsu, Y., & Serpell, J. A. (2003) · Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association · doi:10.2460/javma.2003.223.1293 · Cited by 709 · see citing works
Self-citationA Single IGF1 Allele Is a Major Determinant of Small Size in Dogs
Sutter, N. B., Bustamante, C. D., Chase, K., GRAY, M. M., Zhao, K., Zhu, L., Padhukasahasram, B., Karlins, E., Davis, S. R., Jones, P. G., et al. (2007) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1137045 · Cited by 673 · see citing works
Pitfalls of predicting complex traits from SNPs
Wray, N. R., Yang, J., Hayes, B. J., Price, A. L., Goddard, M. E., & Visscher, P. M. (2013) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg3457 · Cited by 672 · see citing works
Early canid domestication: the farm-fox experiment.
Trut, L. (1999) · American Scientist · doi:10.1511/1999.2.160 · Cited by 626 · see citing works
A neurobiological basis of social attachment.
(1997) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.154.6.726 · Cited by 553 · see citing works
A Simple Genetic Architecture Underlies Morphological Variation in Dogs
Boyko, A., Quignon, P., Li, L., Schoenebeck, J., Degenhardt, J. D., Lohmueller, K., Zhao, K., Brisbin, A., Parker, H., Vonholdt, B., et al. (2010) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000451 · Cited by 469 · see citing works
Self-citationSurvival of the Friendliest: <i>Homo sapiens</i> Evolved via Selection for Prosociality
Hare, B. (2017) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010416-044201 · Cited by 444 · see citing works
Parker, H. G., Dreger, D. L., Rimbault, M., Davis, B. W., Mullen, A. B., Carpintero-Ramirez, G., & Ostrander, E. A. (2017) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2017.03.079 · Cited by 438 · see citing works
QST–FST comparisons: evolutionary and ecological insights from genomic heterogeneity
Leinonen, T., McCairns, R. J. S., O'Hara, R. B., & Merilä, J. (2013) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg3395 · Cited by 422 · see citing works
Genetic Structure of the Purebred Domestic Dog
Parker, H., Kim, L., Sutter, N., Carlson, S., Lorentzen, T. D., Malek, T. B., Johnson, G. S., DeFrance, H. B., Ostrander, E., & Kruglyak, L. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1097406 · Cited by 405 · see citing works
Dog behaviour, evolution, and cognition
Miklósi, Á. (2015) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.191407 · Cited by 328 · see citing works
The genomics of selection in dogs and the parallel evolution between dogs and humans
Wang, G.-D., Zhai, W., Yang, H.-C., Fan, R.-X., Cao, X., Zhong, L., Wang, L., Liu, F., Wu, H., Cheng, L.-G., et al. (2013) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms2814 · Cited by 323 · see citing works
Oxidative DNA damage, antioxidants, and cancer
Collins, A. R. (1999) · BioEssays · doi:10.1002/(sici)1521-1878(199903)21:3 · Cited by 312 · see citing works
Complex disease and phenotype mapping in the domestic dog
Hayward, J. J., Castelhano, M. G., Oliveira, K. C., Corey, E. E., Balkman, C. E., Baxter, T. L., Casal, M. L., Fang, M., Garrison, S. J., Kalla, S. E., et al. (2016) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms10460 · Cited by 272 · see citing works
Dog star rising: the canine genetic system
Sutter, N. B., & Ostrander, E. A. (2004) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg1492 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
A Genomic Background Based Method for Association Analysis in Related Individuals
Amin, N., van Duijn, C. M., & Aulchenko, Y. S. (2007) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0001274 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Svartberg, K. (2005) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2004.08.030 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Development and validation of a novel method for evaluating behavior and temperament in guide dogs
Serpell, J. A., & Hsu, Y. (2001) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/s0168-1591(00)00210-0 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Self-citationPredictive validity of a method for evaluating temperament in young guide and service dogs
Duffy, D. L., & Serpell, J. A. (2012) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2012.02.011 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Self-citationDog Behavior Co-Varies with Height, Bodyweight and Skull Shape
McGreevy, P. D., Georgevsky, D., Carrasco, J., Valenzuela, M., Duffy, D. L., & Serpell, J. A. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0080529 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Self-citationGene set analysis of genome-wide association studies: Methodological issues and perspectives
Wang, L., Jia, P., Wolfinger, R. D., Chen, X., & Zhao, Z. (2011) · Genomics · doi:10.1016/j.ygeno.2011.04.006 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Dog Behaviour, Evolution, and Cognition
Miklósi, Á. (2014) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199646661.001.0001 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Whither Pst? The approximation of Qst by Pst in evolutionary and conservation biology
BROMMER, J. E. (2011) · Journal of Evolutionary Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02268.x · Cited by 194 · see citing works
vonHoldt, B. M., Shuldiner, E., Koch, I. J., Kartzinel, R. Y., Hogan, A., Brubaker, L., Wanser, S., Stahler, D., Wynne, C. D. L., Ostrander, E. A., et al. (2017) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.1700398 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Self-citationGenetic mapping of canine fear and aggression
Zapata, I., Serpell, J. A., & Alvarez, C. E. (2016) · BMC Genomics · doi:10.1186/s12864-016-2936-3 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Self-citationUnleashing the Canine GenomePreprint
Ostrander, E. A., & Kruglyak, L. (2000) · Genome Research · doi:10.1101/gr.155900 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Single-Nucleotide-Polymorphism-Based Association Mapping of Dog Stereotypes
Jones, P., Chase, K., Martin, A. J., Davern, P., Ostrander, E., & Lark, K. G. (2008) · Genetics · doi:10.1534/genetics.108.087866 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Pendleton, A. L., Shen, F., Taravella, A. M., Emery, S., Veeramah, K. R., Boyko, A. R., & Kidd, J. M. (2018) · BMC Biology · doi:10.1186/s12915-018-0535-2 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
MacLean, E. L., Herrmann, E., Suchindran, S., & Hare, B. A. (2017) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2017.01.005 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Self-citationUnraveling the evolution of uniquely human cognition
MacLean, E. L. (2016) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1521270113 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Self-citationSerpell, J. A., & Duffy, D. L. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-53994-7_2 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Self-citationLequarré, A., Andersson, L., André, C., Fredholm, M., Hitte, C., Leeb, T., Lohi, H., Lindblad‐Toh, K., & Georges, M. (2011) · The Veterinary Journal · doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2011.06.013 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Demographically-based evaluation of genomic regions under selection in domestic dogs
Freedman, A. H., Schweizer, R. M., Ortega-Del Vecchyo, D., Han, E., Davis, B. W., Gronau, I., Silva, P. M., Galaverni, M., Fan, Z., Marx, P., et al. (2016) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1005851 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Genetic variation in aggression-related traits in Golden Retriever dogs
Liinamo, A.-E., van den Berg, L., Leegwater, P. A. J., Schilder, M. B. H., van Arendonk, J. A. M., & van Oost, B. A. (2007) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2006.04.025 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Genetic Characterization of Dog Personality Traits
Ilska, J. J., Haskell, M. J., Blott, S. C., Sánchez-Molano, E., Polgár, Z., Lofgren, S. E., Clements, D. N., & Wiener, P. (2017) · Genetics · doi:10.1534/genetics.116.192674 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
NAM: association studies in multiple populations
Xavier, A., Xu, S., Muir, W. M., & Rainey, K. M. (2015) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btv448 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Artificial Selection on Brain-Expressed Genes during the Domestication of Dog
Li, Y., vonHoldt, B. M., Reynolds, A., Boyko, A. R., Wayne, R. K., Wu, D., & Zhang, Y. (2013) · Molecular Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/molbev/mst088 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Social dog: behavior and cognition
(2014) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.186934 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Genetic selection of athletic success in sport-hunting dogs
Kim, J., Williams, F. J., Dreger, D. L., Plassais, J., Davis, B. W., Parker, H. G., & Ostrander, E. A. (2018) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1800455115 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Evaluation of the C-BARQ as a measure of stranger-directed aggression in three common dog breeds
van den Berg, S. M., Heuven, H. C. M., van den Berg, L., Duffy, D. L., & Serpell, J. A. (2010) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2010.02.005 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Self-citationWei, Q., Khan, I., Ding, Z., Yerneni, S., & Kihara, D. (2017) · BMC Bioinformatics · doi:10.1186/s12859-017-1600-5 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Big thoughts in small brains? Dogs as a model for understanding human social cognition
Mikl??si, ?., Top??l, J., & Cs??nyi, V. (2007) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/wnr.0b013e3280287aae · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Noh, H. J., Tang, R., Flannick, J. A., O'Dushlaine, C. T., Swofford, R., Howrigan, D. P., Genereux, D. P., Johnson, J., van Grootheest, G., Grünblatt, E., et al. (2017) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-017-00831-x · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Marshall‐Pescini, S., & Kaminski, J. (2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-407818-5.00001-2 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Destabilizing selection as a factor in domestication
BELYAEV, D. K. (1979) · Journal of Heredity · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a109263 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
The Genius of Dogs: How Dogs Are Smarter than You Think
Hare, B. A., & Woods, V. E. (2013) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Dogs hijack the human bonding pathway
MacLean, E. L., & Hare, B. A. (2015) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aab1200 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Self-citationA Compendium of Canine Normal Tissue Gene Expression
Briggs, J., Paoloni, M. C., Chen, Q., Wen, X., Khan, J. I., & Khanna, C. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0017107 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Anterior Pituitary Transcriptome Suggests Differences in ACTH Release in Tame and Aggressive Foxes
Hekman, J. P., Johnson, J. L., Edwards, W. D., Vladimirova, A. V., Gulevich, R. G., Ford, A. L., Kharlamova, A. V., Herbeck, Y. E., Acland, G. M., Raetzman, L. T., et al. (2018) · G3 Genes Genomes Genetics · doi:10.1534/g3.117.300508 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
de Gortari, P., & Mengod, G. (2009) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2009.11.009 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Holding back the genes: limitations of research into canine behavioural genetics
van Rooy, D., Arnott, E. R., Early, J. B., McGreevy, P. D., & Wade, C. M. (2014) · Canine Genetics and Epidemiology · doi:10.1186/2052-6687-1-7 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Differences in Evaluation of a Dog’s Temperament by Individual Members of the Same Household
Jakuba, T., Polcová, Z., Fedáková, D., Kottferová, J., Mareková, J., Fejsáková, M., Ondrašovičová, O., & Ondrasovic, M. (2013) · Society and Animals · doi:10.1163/15685306-12341314 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Pendleton, A. L., Shen, F., Taravella, A. M., Emery, S., Veeramah, K. R., Boyko, A. R., & Kidd, J. M. (2017) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/118794 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Data from: Complex disease and phenotype mapping in the domestic dog
Hayward, J. J., Castelhano, M. G., Oliveira, K. C., Corey, E. E., Balkman, C., Baxter, T. L., Casal, M. L., Center, S. A., Fang, M., Garrison, S. J., et al. (2015) · Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) · doi:10.5061/dryad.266k4 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Ancestry-inclusive dog genomics challenges popular breed stereotypes
Morrill, K. M., Hekman, J. P., Li, X., McClure, J., Logan, B., Goodman, L., Gao, M., Dong, Y., Alonso, M., Carmichael, E., et al. (2022) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abk0639 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Self-citationVariability in Human-Animal Interaction Research
Rodriguez, K. E., Herzog, H., & Gee, N. R. (2021) · Frontiers in Veterinary Science · doi:10.3389/fvets.2020.619600 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Prevalence, comorbidity, and breed differences in canine anxiety in 13,700 Finnish pet dogs
Salonen, M., Sulkama, S., Mikkola, S., Puurunen, J., Hakanen, E., Tiira, K., Araujo, C., & Lohi, H. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-59837-z · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Significant Neuroanatomical Variation Among Domestic Dog Breeds
Hecht, E. E., Smaers, J. B., Dunn, W. D., Kent, M., Preuss, T. M., & Gutman, D. A. (2019) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0303-19.2019 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Enhancing the Selection and Performance of Working Dogs
Bray, E. E., Otto, C. M., Udell, M. A. R., Hall, N. J., Johnston, A. M., & MacLean, E. L. (2021) · Frontiers in Veterinary Science · doi:10.3389/fvets.2021.644431 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Self-citationEarly-emerging and highly heritable sensitivity to human communication in dogs
Bray, E. E., Gnanadesikan, G. E., Horschler, D. J., Levy, K., Kennedy, B. S., Famula, T. R., & MacLean, E. L. (2021) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2021.04.055 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Self-citationDomestic dog lineages reveal genetic drivers of behavioral diversification
Dutrow, E. V., Serpell, J. A., & Ostrander, E. A. (2022) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2022.11.003 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Self-citationSelecting Dogs for Explosives Detection: Behavioral Characteristics
Lazarowski, L., Waggoner, L. P., Krichbaum, S., Singletary, M., Haney, P., Rogers, B., & Angle, C. T. (2020) · Frontiers in Veterinary Science · doi:10.3389/fvets.2020.00597 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Mikkola, S., Salonen, M. K., Puurunen, J., Hakanen, E., Sulkama, S., Araujo, C., & Lohi, H. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-88793-5 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Junttila, S., Valros, A., Mäki, K., Väätäjä, H., Reunanen, E., & Tiira, K. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-26991-5 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Gnanadesikan, G. E., Hare, B. A., Snyder‐Mackler, N., & MacLean, E. L. (2020) · Animal Cognition · doi:10.1007/s10071-020-01400-4 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Self-citationBray, E. E., Levy, K., Kennedy, B. S., Duffy, D. L., Serpell, J. A., & MacLean, E. L. (2019) · Frontiers in Veterinary Science · doi:10.3389/fvets.2019.00049 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Self-citationHow size and genetic diversity shape lifespan across breeds of purebred dogs
Kraus, C., Snyder‐Mackler, N., & Promislow, D. (2022) · GeroScience · doi:10.1007/s11357-022-00653-w · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Self-citationFarrar, B. G., Voudouris, K., & Clayton, N. S. (2021) · Animal Behavior and Cognition · doi:10.26451/abc.08.02.14.2021 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Shan, S., Xu, F., & Brenig, B. (2021) · Frontiers in Veterinary Science · doi:10.3389/fvets.2021.693290 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
ManyDogs Project: A Big Team Science Approach to Investigating Canine Behavior and Cognition
ManyDogs Project, Alberghina, D., Bray, E. E., Buchsbaum, D., Byosiere, S., Espinosa, J., Gnanadesikan, G. E., Guran, C.-N. A., Hare, E., Horschler, D. J., et al. (2023) · Comparative Cognition & Behavior Reviews · doi:10.3819/ccbr.2023.180004 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Self-citationHecht, E. E., Zapata, I., Alvarez, C. E., Gutman, D. A., Preuss, T. M., Kent, M., & Serpell, J. A. (2021) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-021-02368-8 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Self-citationValidation of a Behavior Test for Predicting Puppies’ Suitability as Detection Dogs
Lazarowski, L., Rogers, B., Krichbaum, S., Haney, P., Smith, J. G., & Waggoner, P. (2021) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani11040993 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Genetic testing of dogs predicts problem behaviors in clinical and nonclinical samples
Zapata, I., Lilly, M. L., Herron, M. E., Serpell, J. A., & Alvarez, C. E. (2022) · BMC Genomics · doi:10.1186/s12864-022-08351-9 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Self-citationBreed Differences in Dog Cognition Associated with Brain-Expressed Genes and Neurological Functions
Gnanadesikan, G. E., Hare, B. A., Snyder‐Mackler, N., Call, J., Kaminski, J., Miklósi, Á., & MacLean, E. L. (2020) · Integrative and Comparative Biology · doi:10.1093/icb/icaa112 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Self-citationIs cognition the secret to working dog success?
Hare, B. A., & Ferrans, M. (2021) · Animal Cognition · doi:10.1007/s10071-021-01491-7 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Wilkins, A. S., Wrangham, R. W., & Fitch, W. T. (2021) · Genetics · doi:10.1093/genetics/iyab098 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
ManyDogs 1: A Multi-Lab Replication Study of Dogs’ Pointing Comprehension
ManyDogs Project, Espinosa, J., Stevens, J. R., Alberghina, D., Alway, H. E. E., Barela, J., Bogese, M. J., Bray, E. E., Buchsbaum, D., Byosiere, S., et al. (2023) · Animal Behavior and Cognition · doi:10.26451/abc.10.03.03.2023 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-citationDobos, P., & Pongrácz, P. (2023) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani13122001 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Pongrácz, P., & Dobos, P. (2024) · Biological Reviews of The Cambridge Philosophical Society · doi:10.1111/brv.13128 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Dog brains are sensitive to infant- and dog-directed prosody
Gergely, A. E., Gábor, A., Gácsi, M., Kis, A., Czeibert, K., Topál, J., & Andics, A. (2023) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-023-05217-y · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Man’s best friend in life and death: scientific perspectives and challenges of dog brain banking
Sándor, S., Czeibert, K., Salamon, A., & Enikö Kubinyi, B. (2021) · GeroScience · doi:10.1007/s11357-021-00373-7 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Heritability of interpack aggression in a wild pedigreed population of North American grey wolves
vonHoldt, B. M., DeCandia, A. L., Heppenheimer, E., Janowitz‐Koch, I., Shi, R., Zhou, H., German, C. A., Brzeski, K. E., Cassidy, K. A., Stahler, D. R., et al. (2020) · Molecular Ecology · doi:10.1111/mec.15349 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citationFriedrich, J., Talenti, A., Arvelius, P., Strandberg, E., Haskell, M. J., & Wiener, P. (2020) · Advanced Genetics · doi:10.1002/ggn2.10024 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Hammond, A., Rowland, T., Mills, D. S., & Pilot, M. (2022) · Evolutionary Applications · doi:10.1111/eva.13479 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Ethical Concerns about Fashionable Dog Breeding
Menor-Campos, D. J. (2024) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani14050756 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Additionally, studies have shown that certain behaviours, such as trainability, aggression towards strangers, attention seeking, and attachment, may be more heritable than others [165].”
BackgroundFenner, K., Dashper, K. L., Serpell, J. A., McLean, A. N., Wilkins, C. L., Klinck, M. P., Wilson, B. J., & McGreevy, P. D. (2020) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani10111960 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationCopy number variation underlies complex phenotypes in domestic dog breeds and other canidsPreprint
Armero, A. S., Davis, B. W., Povolotskaya, I., Morcillo-Suárez, C., Plassais, J., Juan, D., Ostrander, E. A., & Marquès‐Bonet, T. (2021) · Genome Research · doi:10.1101/gr.266049.120 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
DNA methylation and chromatin accessibility predict age in the domestic dog
Jin, K., McCoy, B. M., Goldman, E. A., Usova, V., Tkachev, V., Chitsazan, A., Kakebeen, A. D., Jeffery, U., Creevy, K. E., Wills, A. E., et al. (2024) · Aging Cell · doi:10.1111/acel.14079 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationHorschler, D. J., Bray, E. E., Gnanadesikan, G. E., Byrne, M., Levy, K., Kennedy, B. S., & MacLean, E. L. (2021) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2021.11.007 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationMorel, E., Malineau, L., Venet, C., Gaillard, V., & Péron, F. (2024) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani14071003 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Development of a modified C-BARQ for evaluating behavior in working dogs
Hare, E., Essler, J. L., Otto, C. M., Ebbecke, D., & Serpell, J. A. (2024) · Frontiers in Veterinary Science · doi:10.3389/fvets.2024.1371630 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationProschowsky, H. F., Arendt, M. L., Bonnett, B. N., Bruun, C. S., Czycholl, I., Fredholm, M., O'Neill, D. G., Serpell, J. A., & Sandøe, P. (2025) · Animal Welfare · doi:10.1017/awf.2024.66 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationDoane, M., & Sarenbo, S. (2019) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2019.02.012 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
An artificial intelligence approach to predicting personality types in dogs
Amirhosseini, M. H., Yadav, V., Serpell, J. A., Pettigrew, P., & Kain, P. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-52920-9 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationBringing the Genomic Revolution to Comparative Oncology: Human and Dog Cancers
Cahill, J. A., Smith, L. A., Gottipati, S., Torabi, T. S., & Graim, K. S. (2024) · Annual Review of Biomedical Data Science · doi:10.1146/annurev-biodatasci-102423-111936 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Eyre, A. W., Zapata, I., Hare, E., Serpell, J. A., Otto, C. M., & Alvarez, C. E. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-39112-7 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationUnderstanding Canine ‘Reactivity’: Species-Specific Behaviour or Human Inconvenience?
Stephens-Lewis, D., Johnson, A., Turley, N., Naydorf-Hannis, R., Scurlock‐Evans, L., & Schenke, K. C. (2022) · Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science · doi:10.1080/10888705.2022.2147007 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Zapata, I., Hecht, E. E., Serpell, J. A., & Alvarez, C. E. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.07.19.211078 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationManyDogs 1: A Multi-lab replication study of dogs' pointing comprehension (pre-registered report)Preprint
ManyDogs, Espinosa, J., Bray, E. E., Buchsbaum, D., Byosiere, S., Byrne, M., Freeman, M. S., Gnanadesikan, G. E., Guran, C.-N. A., Horschler, D., et al. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/f86jq · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationNovack, L. I., Schnell, L. K., Feuerbacher, E. N., & Fernandez, E. J. (2023) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani13111850 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Sexton, C. L., Buckley, C., Lieberfarb, J., Subiaul, F., Hecht, E. E., & Bradley, B. J. (2023) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani13142385 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Slavney, A., Kawakami, T., Jensen, M. K., Nelson, T. C., Sams, A. J., & Boyko, A. R. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0250579 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Farrar, B. G., Voudouris, K., & Clayton, N. S. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/2vt4k · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Influence of early life adversity and breed on aggression and fear in dogs
Espinosa, J., Zapata, I., Alvarez, C. E., Serpell, J. A., Kukekova, A. V., & Hecht, E. E. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-18226-0 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationGenetic dissection of behavioral traits related to successful training of drug detection dogs
Matsumoto, Y., Konno, A., Ishihara, G., & Inoue‐Murayama, M. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-33638-6 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Dobos, P., & Pongrácz, P. (2024) · BMC Biology · doi:10.1186/s12915-024-01983-1 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Resilience In Dogs? Lessons From Other Species
Tiira, K. (2019) · Veterinary Medicine Research and Reports · doi:10.2147/vmrr.s189566 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Genome scanning of behavioral selection in a canine olfactory detection breeding cohort
Eyre, A. W., Zapata, I., Hare, E., Lee, K. M. N., Bellis, C., Essler, J. L., Otto, C. M., Serpell, J. A., & Alvarez, C. E. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-18698-4 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationThe German Shorthair Pointer Dog Breed (Canis lupus familiaris): Genomic Inbreeding and Variability
Boccardo, A., Marelli, S. P., Pravettoni, D., Bagnato, A., Busca, G. A., & Strillacci, M. G. (2020) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani10030498 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Morrill, K. M., Chen, F., & Karlsson, E. K. (2023) · Human Genetics · doi:10.1007/s00439-023-02580-y · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Kmecová, N. G., Peťková, B., Kottferová, J., Wannell, R. S., & Mills, D. S. (2021) · Frontiers in Veterinary Science · doi:10.3389/fvets.2020.545326 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Association of DNA methylation with energy and fear-related behaviors in canines
Sanders, A. R., Bhongir, N., vonHoldt, B. M., & Pellegrini, M. A. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1025494 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationJung, C., & Pörtl, D. (2019) · Pet Behaviour Science · doi:10.21071/pbs.v0i7.11494 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Poly(A) RNA sequencing reveals age-related differences in the prefrontal cortex of dogs
Sándor, S., Jonas, D. A., Tátrai, K., Czeibert, K., & Enikö Kubinyi, B. (2022) · GeroScience · doi:10.1007/s11357-022-00533-3 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Many direct-to-consumer canine genetic tests can identify the breed of purebred dogs
Rando, H. M., Graim, K. S., Hampikian, G., & Greene, C. S. (2024) · Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association · doi:10.2460/javma.23.07.0372 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Udvarhelyi-Tóth, K. M., Iotchev, I. B., Kubinyi, E., & Turcsán, B. (2024) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani14182634 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Human-directed sociability in the domestic dog: A Tinbergian approach
Boada, M., & Wirobski, G. (2024) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105947 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Size, skull shape and age influence the temperament of domestic dogs
Ayrosa, F., Albuquerque, N. D. S., Savalli, C., & Resende, B. D. D. (2022) · Behavioural Processes · doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2022.104606 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Large-scale genomic analysis of the domestic dog informs biological discoveryPreprint
Buckley, R. M., & Ostrander, E. A. (2024) · Genome Research · doi:10.1101/gr.278569.123 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Peťková, B., Skurková, L., Florián, M., Slivková, M., Kasičová, Z., & Kottferová, J. (2024) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani14182695 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Methods of behavioral testing in dogs: a scoping review and analysis of test stimuli
Moser, A. Y., Welch, M., Brown, W. Y., McGreevy, P. D., & Bennett, P. C. (2024) · Frontiers in Veterinary Science · doi:10.3389/fvets.2024.1455574 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Bennett, N. E., Torres, S. E. M., & Gray, P. B. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0261694 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Spanish validation of the Fe-BARQ questionnaire: A replication study
Menor-Campos, D. J., Ruiz-Soriano, C., & Serpell, J. A. (2021) · Journal of Veterinary Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jveb.2021.09.002 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationStrandberg, E., Nilsson, K., & Svartberg, K. (2025) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2025.106619 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
The Shepherd and the Hunter: A Genomic Comparison of Italian Dog Breeds
Bionda, A., Cortellari, M., Liotta, L., & Crepaldi, P. (2023) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani13152438 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Factors influencing the expression of behavior in the domestic dog
Wells, D. L. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-85752-9.00011-1 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Digital Dogsitter® reduces vocalization in dogs suffering from separation-related problems
Tiira, K. (2021) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2021.105460 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Sartore, S., Moretti, R., Chessa, S., & Sacchi, P. (2025) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani15152267 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Breed function and behaviour correlate with endocranial volume in domestic dogs
Balcarcel, A. M., Sánchez-Villagra, M. R., Evin, A., Nussbaumer, M., Hemelsdaël, A., & Geiger, M. (2024) · Biology Letters · doi:10.1098/rsbl.2024.0342 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Genome-wide statistical evidence elucidates candidate factors of life expectancy in dogs
Ko, W. H., Kim, S., Catry, A., Cho, J., & Shin, S. (2024) · Molecules and Cells · doi:10.1016/j.mocell.2024.100162 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Bhowmik, N., Cook, S. R., Croney, C., Barnard, S., Romaniuk, A. C., & Ekenstedt, K. J. (2024) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes15121611 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Cupaioli, F. A., Fallerini, C., Mencarelli, M. A., Perticaroli, V., Filippini, V., Mari, F., Renieri, A., & Mezzelani, A. (2021) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes12101605 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Single-dose 1cp-LSD administration for canine anxiety: a pilot study
Henríquez‐Hernández, L. A., García‐Serrano, I., Hernández, D. J. Q., Rojas‐Hernández, J., Hernández‐Álvarez, E., Zumbado, M. L., Fernández‐Borkel, T., & Borkel, L. F. (2024) · Veterinary Research Communications · doi:10.1007/s11259-024-10542-6 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Azadian, A., & Protopopova, A. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-76283-3 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Mowry, C. B., Wilson, L. A., & vonHoldt, B. M. (2021) · Diversity · doi:10.3390/d13080372 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationDid Dog Domestication Contribute to Language Evolution?
Benítez‐Burraco, A., Pörtl, D., & Jung, C. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.695116 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Sexton, C. L., Reichel, C., Keyser, A., Dunbar, M. D., Akey, J. M., Benton, B., Borenstein, E., Castelhano, M. G., Coleman, A. E., Creevy, K. E., et al. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-15095-5 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationAyrosa, F., Savalli, C., Albuquerque, N. D. S., & Resende, B. D. D. (2022) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2022.105766 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Effect of neutering timing in relation to puberty on female dog behaviour—A scoping review
Moxon, R., Freeman, S. L., Payne, R., Corr, S. A., & England, G. (2023) · Veterinary Record · doi:10.1002/vetr.2882 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Veterinary education and experience shape beliefs about dog breeds. Part 2: Trust
Caddiell, R. M. P., White, P. A., Lascelles, B. D. X., Royal, K. D., Heugten, K. A., & Gruen, M. E. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-40464-3 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Mahmoodi, M. S., Mehrgardi, A. A., Momen, M. M., Serpell, J. A., & Esmailizadeh, A. (2024) · The Veterinary Journal · doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106251 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationAn Evolutionary Perspective on Dog Behavioral Genetics
Lord, K. A., Chen, F. L., & Karlsson, E. K. (2024) · Annual Review of Animal Biosciences · doi:10.1146/annurev-animal-111523-101954 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Investigating cerebral blood flow in anxious dogs: a 99mTc-HMPAO SPECT imaging study
Salden, S., Xu, Y., Smet, S. D., Peremans, K. Y., Dobbeleir, A. A., Witte, S. D., Eeckhaut, A. V., Saunders, J. H., Haverbeke, A., & Baeken, C. (2025) · Research in Veterinary Science · doi:10.1016/j.rvsc.2025.105648 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Leveraging brain–body scaling relationships for comparative studies
Horschler, D. J., & MacLean, E. L. (2019) · Animal Cognition · doi:10.1007/s10071-019-01316-8 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationAdaptation in the Alleyways: Candidate Genes Under Potential Selection in Urban Coyotes
Kreling, S. E. S., Vance, S. E., & Carlen, E. J. (2024) · Genome Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/gbe/evae279 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Alex, E., Gennotte, P., Morros-Nuevo, A., Yu, Y., Keep, B., Sullivan, M., Mills, D. S., Warrier, V., & Raffan, E. (2025) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2421757122 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Janssens, M., Eshuis, J., Heilijgers, E., Jacobs, N., Hediger, K., Lataster, J., & Peeters, S. C. T. (2023) · Mental Health Science · doi:10.1002/mhs2.40 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Epidemiology of Angiostrongylus vasorum and Crenosoma vulpis infection in dogs in Denmark
Lundsgaard, K. (2024) · Journal of Small Animal Practice · doi:10.1111/jsap.13762 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Hecht, J., & Horowitz, A. (2022) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119618515.ch1 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Bai, J., Chen, S., Zhou, Z., Zhao, X., Song, M., Guo, Y., Wang, F., & Wang, J. (2023) · Animal Genetics · doi:10.1111/age.13326 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Genetic testing predicts appearance but not behavior in dogs
Lord, K. A., Sohrab, V., Bryc, K., White, M. E., Kenney, B., Morrill, K. M., Chen, F. L., & Karlsson, E. K. (2025) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2421752122 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Gnanadesikan, G. E., Tandon, D., Bray, E. E., Kennedy, B. S., Tennenbaum, S. R., MacLean, E. L., & vonHoldt, B. M. (2023) · Behavior Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10519-023-10166-7 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationFallahi, M., Masoudi, A. A., & Torshizi, R. V. (2024) · Veterinary Medicine and Science · doi:10.1002/vms3.1346 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Kujala, M. V., & Bräuer, J. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197544754.013.50 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
- Authors
- MacLean, E. L., Snyder-Mackler, N., vonHoldt, B. M., & Serpell, J. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Arizona (US)
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Princeton University (US)
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Corresponding author
- MacLean, Evan L.
- Venue
- Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
- Publisher
- The Royal Society
- Published
- 2019-10-02
- Volume
- 286
- Issue
- 1912
- Pages
- 20190716
- ISSN
- 0080-4649 (ISSN-L)
- 0962-8452
- 1471-2954
- PMC
- PMC6790757
- OpenAlex
- W2978398499
- Cited by
- 144
- References
- 73
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 6
- FWCI
- 9.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences (publishedVersion)
- bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UA Campus Repository (The University of Arizona) (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Pennsylvania
- National Institute on Aging (R00AG051764)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Human-Animal Interaction Studies
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic and phenotypic traits in livestock
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Mapping and Diversity in Plants and Animals
- Keywords
- dog behavior, dog breeds, heritability, breed differences, single nucleotide polymorphisms, genetic architecture, brain gene expression, neurobiology, dog genome
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Behavior, Animal, Breeding, Dogs, Genotype, Species Specificity, Genome, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Heredity
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review