Distributed affective space represents multiple emotion categories across the human brain
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Abstract
The functional organization of human emotion systems as well as their neuroanatomical basis and segregation in the brain remains unresolved. Here, we used pattern classification and hierarchical clustering to characterize the organization of a wide array of emotion categories in the human brain. We induced 14 emotions (6 'basic', e.g. fear and anger; and 8 'non-basic', e.g. shame and gratitude) and a neutral state using guided mental imagery while participants' brain activity was measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Twelve out of 14 emotions could be reliably classified from the haemodynamic signals. All emotions engaged a multitude of brain areas, primarily in midline cortices including anterior and posterior cingulate gyri and precuneus, in subcortical regions, and in motor regions including cerebellum and premotor cortex. Similarity of subjective emotional experiences was associated with similarity of the corresponding neural activation patterns. We conclude that different basic and non-basic emotions have distinguishable neural bases characterized by specific, distributed activation patterns in widespread cortical and subcortical circuits. Regionally differentiated engagement of these circuits defines the unique neural activity pattern and the corresponding subjective feeling associated with each emotion.
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On the subjectively experienced level, universalism extends beyond the canonical Ekman's 6 basic emotions to a variety of non-basic or social emotions known to have discrete neural and expressive bases.
“This suggests that on subjectively experienced level, the universalism extends beyond the canonical”
From Bodily maps of emotions are culturally universal (2020) · cites this paper as Saarimaki et al., 2018
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Controversias en torno a los conceptos cotidianos y conceptos científicos de emoción
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Reward responses to vicarious feeding depend on body mass index
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- Authors
- Saarimäki, H., Ejtehadian, L. F., Glerean, E., Jääskeläinen, I. P., Vuilleumier, P., Sams, M., & Nummenmaa, L.
- Affiliations
- Aalto University (FI)
- University of Turku (FI)
- University of Geneva (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Saarimäki, Heini
- ORCID
- Venue
- Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2018-05-01
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 471-482
- ISSN
- 1749-5016 (ISSN-L)
- 1749-5024
- PMC
- PMC6007366
- OpenAlex
- W2953286634
- Cited by
- 146
- References
- 97
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 4 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 9.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Archive ouverte UNIGE (University of Geneva) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Aaltodoc (Aalto University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Archive ouverte UNIGE (University of Geneva) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Funders
- Aalto University, Academy of Finland (#265917, #294897, #138145, #276643, #313000)
- Finnish Cultural Foundation (#00140220)
- Swiss National Science Foundation National Center of Competence in Research for Affective Sciences (#51NF40-104897)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Emotion and Mood Recognition
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Keywords
- emotion classification, basic emotions, cingulate cortex, precuneus, cerebellum, premotor cortex, subjective emotional experience, emotion induction
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Affect, Brain, Brain Mapping, Cerebellum, Cerebral Cortex, Cerebrovascular Circulation, Emotions, Female, Hemodynamics, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cluster Analysis, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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