Toward a general psychobiological theory of emotions

Panksepp, Jaak

doi:10.1017/s0140525x00012759

Cited by 999Neural and Behavioral Psychology StudiesMemory and Neural MechanismsNeurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior

Toward a general psychobiological theory of emotions

Panksepp, Jaak·1982·Behavioral and Brain Sciences

DOI 10.1017/s0140525x00012759

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Abstract

Abstract Emotions seem to arise ultimately from hard-wired neural circuits in the visceral-limbic brain that facilitate diverse and adaptive behavioral and physiological responses to major classes of environmental challenges. Presumably these circuits developed early in mammalian brain evolution, and the underlying control mechanisms remain similar in humans and “lower” mammals. This would suggest that theoretically guided studies of the animal brain can reveal how primitive emotions are organized in the human brain. Conversely, granted this cross-species heritage, it is arguable that human introspective access to emotional states may provide direct information concerning operations of emotive circuits and thus be a primary source of hypotheses for animal brain research. In this article the possibility that emotions are elaborated by transhypothalamic executive (command) circuits that concurrently activate related behavior patterns is assessed. Current neurobehavioral evidence indicates that there are at least four executive circuits of this type – those which elaborate central states of expectancy, rage, fear, and panic. The manner in which learning and psychiatric disorders may arise from activities of such circuits is also discussed.

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The present paper adopts the perspective that the meso-striatal dopamine systems are part of the set of coordinated neuronal mechanisms that allows organisms to find biologically important stimuli from the environment, to promote and sustain life (SEEKING or expectancy/foraging system).
“Specifically, the present paper adopts the perspective that the meso-striatal dopamine systems are part of the set of coordinated neuronal mechanisms that allows organisms to find biologically important stimuli from the environment, to promote and sustain life (SEEKING or expectancy/foraging system) (Panksepp, 1982; 1998).”
From Dopamine reward circuitry: Two projection systems from the ventral midbrain to the nucleus accumbens–olfactory tubercle complex (2007) · cites this paper as Panksepp, 1982
Emotional pleasure (anticipation of rewards) is likely mediated, in part, by dopamine.
“As suggested by Panksepp (1982; 1998), this type of pleasure is likely mediated, in part, by dopamine.”
From Dopamine reward circuitry: Two projection systems from the ventral midbrain to the nucleus accumbens–olfactory tubercle complex (2007) · cites this paper as Panksepp, 1982

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Authors: Panksepp, J.
Affiliations: Bowling Green State University (US)
Corresponding author: Panksepp, Jaak
Venue: Behavioral and Brain Sciences
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Published: 1982-09
Volume: 5
Issue: 3
Pages: 407-422
ISSN: 0140-525X (ISSN-L)
1469-1825
DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00012759
OpenAlex: W2114814559
Cited by: 999
References: 374
Citations by year: 2026: 9 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 44 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 54 · 2020: 41 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 45 · 2014: 26 · 2013: 25 · 2012: 28
FWCI: 28.52
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.cambridge.org/core/terms (unspecified, 10018 d)
Locations: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
Keywords: emotions, neural circuits, mammalian brain evolution, expectancy, RAGE, fear, panic, learning, mental illness, self-reflection

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Toward a general psychobiological theory of emotions

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