Consolidation of Strictly Episodic Memories Mainly Requires Rapid Eye Movement Sleep
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to examine the effects of sleep deprivation during the first or second half of the night on episodic memory consolidation. Episodic memory is defined as memory for events located in time and space. It is also characterized by autonoetic consciousness, which gives a subject the conscious sensation of traveling back in time to relive the original event and forward into the future. DESIGN: Consolidation of episodic information was tested after 4-hour retention intervals, which followed learning and occurred during either the early or late half night, respectively dominated by slow wave sleep (SWS) or rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, or corresponding periods of wakefulness. SETTING: Data collection occurred in the sleep laboratory. PARTICIPANTS: Forty-three young healthy subjects: 9 men and 34 women, age ranging from 18 to 26 years (mean 20.18 +/- 1.94 years) were included in this study. INTERVENTIONS: Waking after a 4-hour retention interval filled with early or late sleep, or 4-hour sleep deprivation, during early or late period of night. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: The cognitive task, named the What-Where-When test, was specially designed to assess factual, spatial, and temporal components of episodic memory. This task was associated with the Remember/Know paradigm to assess autonoetic consciousness. We measured performance on immediate free recall, delayed free recall (after a 4-hour interval of wakefulness or sleep), and delayed recognition. We also calculated a forgetting rate for each feature (factual, spatial, and temporal) and, for the recognition task, scores of autonoetic consciousness (R responses). REM-sleep deprivation was associated with significantly lower recall of spatial information compared to SWS deprivation (P < .01) or late sleep (P < .05) conditions. REM-sleep deprivation was also associated with a higher forgetting rate of temporal information as compared to the early sleep condition (P< .01). Finally, REM-sleep deprivation led subjects to give significantly fewer R responses, indicative of true memories, as compared to SWS deprivation (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that consolidation of truly episodic memories mainly involves REM sleep.
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In a third study, SWS-rich sleep enhanced free recall of declarative materials but not recognition.
“In a third study measuring recognition right after free recall, this effect was not replicated, although SWS-rich sleep still enhanced free recall of the declarative materials (966).”
From About Sleep's Role in Memory (2013) · cites this paper as [966]
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Consolidation of Sleep-Dependent Appetitive Memory Is Mediated by a Sweet-Sensing Circuit
Chouhan, N. S., & Sehgal, A. (2022) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0106-22.2022 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“…complement previous work in rats, humans, and flies demonstrating that discrete neural circuits mediate sleep-dependent and sleep-independent memory consolidation (Graves et al., 2003; Rauchs et al., 2004; van der Helm et al., 2011; Weber et al., 2014; Vorster and Born, 2015; Chouhan et al., 2021).”
The Role of Sleep in Learning Placebo Effects
Chouchou, F., Dang‐Vu, T. T., Rainville, P., & Lavigne, G. J. (2018) · International review of neurobiology · doi:10.1016/bs.irn.2018.07.013 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Sleep Alterations and Cognitive Decline
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Drews, H. J., & Drews, A. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.641102 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Second, a positive feedback loop between REM sleep and sociality: REM sleep has been reported to support emotional and episodic memory consolidation (39, 40), which [among other factors influenced by REM sleep (e.”
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“…differed from the one achieved with Submodel 5a. in episodic memory context-binding, ranging from split-night designs (e.g., Groch et al., 2015; Rauchs et al., 2004; Sopp et al., 2017), naps (e.g., Köster et al., 2017; van der Helm et al., 2011; Wang & Fu, 2009), to comparisons of natural…”
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The Impact of Sleep on Face Recognition Memory: A Scoping Review
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[Placebo analgesia and sleep].
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The Effects of Natural Sleep Debt on Current Mood, Working Memory, and Risk-Taking Propensity
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The Role of Sleep in Memory Consolidation: Active or Permissive?
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Functions and Circuits of REM Sleep
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A Sleep to Remember: The Effects of Sleep on Memory.
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The method of loci (MoL) and memory consolidation: Dreaming is not MoL-like
Nielsen, T. (2013) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x13001398 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
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Sleep States, Memory Processing, and Dreams
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The role of sleep and dreaming in the processing of episodic memory
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- Authors
- Rauchs, G., Bertran, F., Guillery-Girard, B., Desgranges, B., Kerrouche, N., Denise, P., Foret, J., & Eustache, F.
- Affiliations
- Inserm (FR)
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Caen Normandie (FR)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- Corresponding author
- Eustache, Francis
- Venue
- Sleep
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2004-05
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 395-401
- ISSN
- 0161-8105 (ISSN-L)
- 1550-9109
- OpenAlex
- W1853798384
- Cited by
- 135
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 2.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- SLEEP (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Keywords
- episodic memory consolidation, REM sleep, slow-wave sleep, sleep deprivation, autonoetic consciousness, spatial memory, temporal memory, free recall, recognition memory, forgetting rate, remember/know paradigm
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Cognition, Consciousness, Female, Humans, Learning, Male, Memory, Neuropsychological Tests, Retention, Psychology, Sleep, Sleep Deprivation, Sleep, REM, Time Factors, Wakefulness, Polysomnography
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