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Logging on for Better Sleep: RCT of the Effectiveness of Online Treatment for Insomnia
Open accessAbstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES: Despite effective cognitive behavioral treatments for chronic insomnia, such treatments are underutilized. This study evaluated the impact of a 5-week, online treatment for insomnia. DESIGN: This was a randomized controlled trial with online treatment and waiting list control conditions. PARTICIPANTS: Participants were 118 adults with chronic insomnia. SETTING: Participants received online treatment from their homes. INTERVENTION: Online treatment consisted of psychoeducation, sleep hygiene, and stimulus control instruction, sleep restriction treatment, relaxation training, cognitive therapy, and help with medication tapering. MEASUREMENT AND RESULTS: From pre- to post-treatment, there was a 33% attrition rate, and attrition was related to referral status (i.e., dropouts were more likely to have been referred for treatment rather than recruited from the community). Using a mixed model analysis of variance procedure (ANOVA), results showed that online treatment produced statistically significant improvements in the primary end points of sleep quality, insomnia severity, and daytime fatigue. Online treatment also produced significant changes in process variables of pre-sleep cognitive arousal and dysfunctional beliefs about sleep. CONCLUSIONS: Implications of these findings are that identification of who most benefits from online treatment is a worthy area of future study.
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“The program has shown efficacy in a controlled trial involving 118 persons with chronic insomnia (20).”
From Implementing computer-based psychotherapy among veterans in outpatient treatment for substance use disorders (2016) · cites this paper as [20]
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Espie, C. A., Luik, A. I., Cape, J., Drake, C. L., Siriwardena, A. N., Ong, J. C., Gordon, C., Bostock, S., Hames, P., Nisbet, M., et al. (2016) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-016-1364-7 · Cited by 41
Adherence to Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Insomnia
Agnew, S., Vallières, A., Hamilton, A., McCrory, S., Nikolič, M., Kyle, S. D., Fleming, L., & Crawford, M. (2020) · Sleep Medicine Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.jsmc.2020.11.002 · Cited by 46
Chronic insomnia: Recent advances and innovations in treatment developments and dissemination.
Morin, C. M. (2010) · Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne · doi:10.1037/a0018715 · Cited by 39
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia in Patients With Cancer
Woodward, S. C. (2011) · Clinical journal of oncology nursing · doi:10.1188/11.cjon.e42-e52 · Cited by 38
“Based on information from Page et al., 2006; Schutte-Rodin et al., 2008. sources consider insomnia to be chronic if it lasts more than one month (Yamamoto, 2010).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialNetwork meta-analysis examining efficacy of components of cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia
Steinmetz, L., Simon, L., Feige, B., Riemann, D. W., Johann, A. F., Ell, J., Ebert, D. D., Baumeister, H., Benz, F., & Spiegelhalder, K. (2024) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2024.102507 · Cited by 48
The Insomnia Patient Perspective, A Narrative Review
Cheung, J. M. Y., Bartlett, D. J., Armour, C. L., & Saini, B. (2013) · Behavioral Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1080/15402002.2012.694382 · Cited by 37
“While this theoretical model of help-seeking behavior derives from a mental health perspective, it is equally relevant to insomnia patients who are potentially facing a similar situation given the comparable rates of treatment seeking as those with mental health issues (Vincent & Lewycky, 2009).”
BackgroundPerceptions of Heavy-Drinking College Students About a Sleep and Alcohol Health Intervention
Fucito, L. M., DeMartini, K. S., Hanrahan, T. H., Whittemore, R., Yaggi, H. K., & Redeker, N. S. (2014) · Behavioral Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1080/15402002.2014.919919 · Cited by 37
“…that results in medium to large improvements in insomnia symptoms (Edinger, Wohlgemuth, Radtke, Marsh, & Quillian, 2001; Morin et al., 2009) and is effective in brief (Edinger & Sampson, 2003) and computerbased formats (e.g., SHUTiTM, RESTORETM; Ritterband et al., 2009; Vincent & Lewycky, 2009).”
BackgroundSleep locus of control and computerized cognitive-behavioral therapy (cCBT)
Vincent, N., Walsh, K., & Lewycky, S. T. (2010) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2010.05.006 · Cited by 35
Self-citationTreating Insomnia: A Review of Patient Perceptions Toward Treatment
Cheung, J. M. Y., Bartlett, D. J., Armour, C. L., & Saini, B. (2015) · Behavioral Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1080/15402002.2014.981818 · Cited by 37
“…researchers noted higher attrition rates among those who have been passively referred by their clinician to participate in the study compared to research volunteers who make a conscious decision to participate (Davidson, Aime, Ivers, & Morin, 2009; Stepanski et al., 1989; Vincent & Lewycky, 2009).”
Background“Go! to Sleep”: A Web-Based Therapy for Insomnia
Bernstein, A. M., Allexandre, D., Bena, J., Doyle, J., Gendy, G., Wang, L., Fay, S., Mehra, R., Moul, D. E., Foldvary‐Schaefer, N., et al. (2017) · Telemedicine Journal and e-Health · doi:10.1089/tmj.2016.0208 · Cited by 33
“We were unable to directly compare our attrition and login rates to other reported studies given the varying measures of adherence.(14) Baseline age, gender, or insomnia severity were not associated with drop-out, but intervention-group participants were less likely to return the questionnaires, possibly due to fatigu…”
InfluentialRybarczyk, B. D., Mack, L., Harris, J. H., & Stepanski, E. J. (2011) · Rehabilitation Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0025577 · Cited by 33
Corkum, P. V., Reid, G. J., Hall, W. A., Godbout, R., Stremler, R., Weiss, S. K., Gruber, R., Witmans, M., Chambers, C. T., Begum, E. A., et al. (2018) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/resprot.8348 · Cited by 33
Persuasive strategies in mobile insomnia therapy: alignment, adaptation, and motivational support
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Messer, D., Horan, J. J., Turner, W., & Weber, W. (2016) · AERA Open · doi:10.1177/2332858415625188 · Cited by 30
“Relaxation training was selected as a high-demand control because it too is amenable to online delivery and focuses on similar outcomes (Beatty & Lambert, 2013; Devineni & Blanchard, 2005; Vincent & Lewycky, 2009).”
BackgroundVincent, N., & Walsh, K. (2013) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2012.12.003 · Cited by 29
Self-citationInternet-Delivered Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia
van der Zweerde, T., Lancee, J., Luik, A. I., & van Straten, A. (2020) · Sleep Medicine Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.jsmc.2020.02.001 · Cited by 30
Wang, S., Lan, Y., Liu, Z., Xu, S., & Wu, X. (2023) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.07.004 · Cited by 29
Predictors of adherence to a behavioral therapy sleep intervention during breast cancer chemotherapy
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“adherence to sleep restriction (45–50%) and stimulus control (32–35%) across four chemotherapy treatments was lower than some studies of primary insomnia [28, 38] and similar to others [39, 40].”
Philip, P., Dupuy, L., Sagaspe, P., de Sevin, É., Auriacombe, M., Taillard, J., Micoulaud‐Franchi, J., & Morin, C. M. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11154387 · Cited by 26
Is it Time to Step Up to Stepped Care with our Cognitive-Behavioral Insomnia Therapies?
Edinger, J. D. (2009) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/32.12.1539 · Cited by 26
Insomnia (primary) in older people: non-drug treatments.
Alessi, C., & Vitiello, M. V. (2015) · PubMed Central · Cited by 26
Lancee, J., Sorbi, M. J., Eisma, M. C., van Straten, A., & van den Bout, J. (2014) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2014.02.012 · Cited by 25
“…effect of Internetdelivered CBT-I in comparison with a wait-list control group, which means that it is highly unlikely that current effects are exclusively due to time effects (Espie et al., 2012; Lancee et al., 2012; Ritterband et al., 2009; van Straten et al., in press; Vincent & Lewycky, 2009).”
BackgroundInfluentialComputer-based self-help therapy: A qualitative analysis of attrition
Hermes, E. D. A., Merrel, J. D., Clayton, A. R., Morris, C., & Rowe, M. (2016) · Health Informatics Journal · doi:10.1177/1460458216683536 · Cited by 25
“25 In our prior study, RESTORE was implemented using a strategy consisting of face-to-face provider and patient education sessions, on-site Internet access, and clinician telephone support.”
MethodMiddlemass, J., Davy, Z., Cavanagh, K., Linehan, C., Morgan, K., Lawson, S. W., & Siriwardena, A. N. (2012) · British Journal of General Practice · doi:10.3399/bjgp12x659321 · Cited by 24
Aji, M., Glozier, N., Bartlett, D. J., Grunstein, R. R., Calvo, R. A., Marshall, N. S., White, D. P., & Gordon, C. J. (2021) · Behavioral Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1080/15402002.2021.1967157 · Cited by 24
“…similar efficacy to face-to-face interventions with large treatment effects on the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) (Hedge’s g = 1.09) and moderate effects on sleep-wake parameters such as wake after sleep onset (WASO) (g = 0.45) and sleep onset latency (SOL) (g = 0.41) (Zachariae et al., 2016).”
BackgroundInfluentialTucker, R. M., Contreras, D. A., Carlson, B. R., Carter, A., & Drake, C. L. (2021) · Nature and Science of Sleep · doi:10.2147/nss.s304035 · Cited by 24
Metadata
- Authors
- Vincent, N., & Lewycky, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Manitoba (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Vincent, Norah
- ORCID
- Vincent, Norah
- Venue
- Sleep
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2009-06
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 807-815
- ISSN
- 0161-8105 (ISSN-L)
- 1550-9109
- PMC
- PMC2690569
- OpenAlex
- W1534297593
- Cited by
- 206
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 19.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- SLEEP (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Obstructive Sleep Apnea Research
- Keywords
- chronic insomnia, online therapy, internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy, sleep hygiene, stimulus control, sleep restriction, relaxation training, cognitive therapy, medication tapering, treatment discontinuation, referral status, sleep quality, daytime fatigue, dysfunctional beliefs about sleep
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Circadian Rhythm, Combined Modality Therapy, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Hypnotics and Sedatives, Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders, Male, Middle Aged, Patient Education as Topic, Relaxation Therapy, Therapy, Computer-Assisted, Health Behavior, Comorbidity, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Internet
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