Internet-delivered health interventions that work: systematic review of meta-analyses and evaluation of website availability
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Due to easy access and low cost, Internet-delivered therapies offer an attractive alternative to improving health. Although numerous websites contain health-related information, finding evidence-based programs (as demonstrated through randomized controlled trials, RCTs) can be challenging. We sought to bridge the divide between the knowledge gained from RCTs and communication of the results by conducting a global systematic review and analyzing the availability of evidence-based Internet health programs. OBJECTIVES: The study aimed to (1) discover the range of health-related topics that are addressed through Internet-delivered interventions, (2) generate a list of current websites used in the trials which demonstrate a health benefit, and (3) identify gaps in the research that may have hindered dissemination. Our focus was on Internet-delivered self-guided health interventions that did not require real-time clinical support. METHODS: A systematic review of meta-analyses was conducted using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines (PROSPERO Registration Number CRD42016041258). MEDLINE via Ovid, PsycINFO, Embase, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) were searched. Inclusion criteria included (1) meta-analyses of RCTs, (2) at least one Internet-delivered intervention that measured a health-related outcome, and (3) use of at least one self-guided intervention. We excluded group-based therapies. There were no language restrictions. RESULTS: Of the 363 records identified through the search, 71 meta-analyses met inclusion criteria. Within the 71 meta-analyses, there were 1733 studies that contained 268 unique RCTs which tested self-help interventions. On review of the 268 studies, 21.3% (57/268) had functional websites. These included evidence-based Web programs on substance abuse (alcohol, tobacco, cannabis), mental health (depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder [PTSD], phobias, panic disorders, obsessive compulsive disorder [OCD]), and on diet and physical activity. There were also evidence-based programs on insomnia, chronic pain, cardiovascular risk, and childhood health problems. These programs tended to be intensive, requiring weeks to months of engagement by the user, often including interaction, personalized and normative feedback, and self-monitoring. English was the most common language, although some were available in Spanish, French, Portuguese, Dutch, German, Norwegian, Finnish, Swedish, and Mandarin. There were several interventions with numbers needed to treat of <5; these included painACTION, Mental Health Online for panic disorders, Deprexis, Triple P Online (TPOL), and U Can POOP Too. Hyperlinks of the sites have been listed. CONCLUSIONS: A wide range of evidence-based Internet programs are currently available for health-related behaviors, as well as disease prevention and treatment. However, the majority of Internet-delivered health interventions found to be efficacious in RCTs do not have websites for general use. Increased efforts to provide mechanisms to host "interventions that work" on the Web and to assist the public in locating these sites are necessary.
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Digital interventions can be scaled at low cost.
“Digital interventions can be scaled at low cost [16]”
From Feasibility and Preliminary Efficacy of Digital Interventions for Depressive Symptoms in Working Adults: Multiarm Randomized Controlled Trial (2023) · cites this paper as [16]
The Discussion’s Principal Findings describe the large potential audience for Internet programs, and the Conclusions say that wider dissemination could provide a cost-effective way to improve health globally. But the paper presents this as a possibility contingent on expanding access, not as an established finding that digital interventions can be scaled at low cost. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredInternet-delivered treatment programs have become more prevalent.
“Internet-delivered treatment programs have become more prevalent [22]”
From Internet-delivered treatment for patients suffering from severe functional somatic disorders: Protocol for a randomized controlled trial (2023) · cites this paper as [22]
The Discussion’s Conclusions identify Internet-delivered treatments currently available across several health areas, but do not say whether such programs have become more prevalent over time. Searches for increasing numbers, growth, and proliferation of these programs found no passage establishing that trend. (LLM, conf=0.72)
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Randomized Controlled Trial of Web-Based Treatment of Social Phobia Without Clinician Guidance
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MyStudentBody-stress: an online stress management intervention for college students
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“Of these studies, there were 268 unique RCTs that were self-help Internet-based interventions; and of the 268 studies, there were 57 trials demonstrating a health benefit with a functional website [77-138].”
BackgroundA Web-Based Approach to Managing Stress and Mood Disorders in the Workforce
Billings, D. W., Cook, R. F., Hendrickson, A., & Dove, D. C. (2008) · Journal of Occupational & Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/jom.0b013e31816c435b · Cited by 117 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Of these studies, there were 268 unique RCTs that were self-help Internet-based interventions; and of the 268 studies, there were 57 trials demonstrating a health benefit with a functional website [77-138].”
BackgroundMethodSystematic review and meta-analysis of internet interventions for smoking cessation among adults
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Interventions for enhancing consumers' online health literacy
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A controlled trial of an Internet-based intervention program for cannabis users
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Maintenance of internet‐based prevention: A randomized controlled trial
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“Of these studies, there were 268 unique RCTs that were self-help Internet-based interventions; and of the 268 studies, there were 57 trials demonstrating a health benefit with a functional website [77-138].”
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Internet-based treatment for panic disorder
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Evaluation of an Internet-Based Alcohol Misuse Prevention Course for College Freshmen
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Face-to-face versus remote and web 2.0 interventions for promoting physical activity
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<i>My Disaster Recovery</i>: a pilot randomized controlled trial of an Internet intervention
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Effectiveness of Telemedicine for Controlling Asthma Symptoms: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
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A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on the Efficacy of Self-Help Interventions in Tinnitus
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Therapeutic Benefit of Internet-Based Lifestyle Counselling for Hypertension
Nolan, R. P., Liu, S., Shoemaker, J. K., Hachinski, V., Lynn, H., Mikulis, D. J., Wennberg, R. A., Lum-Kwong, M. M., & Zbib, A. (2012) · Canadian Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.cjca.2012.02.012 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Evaluation of Internet-Based Interventions on Waist Circumference Reduction: A Meta-Analysis
Seo, D., & Niu, J. (2015) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.3921 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Cunningham, J. A., Murphy, M., & Hendershot, C. S. (2014) · Addiction Science & Clinical Practice · doi:10.1186/s13722-014-0022-1 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Five population-based interventions for smoking cessation: a MOST trial
Fraser, D. L., Kobinsky, K. H., Smith, S. S., Kramer, J., Theobald, W. E., & Baker, T. B. (2014) · Translational Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s13142-014-0278-8 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
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Midlife Women Online: Evaluation of an Internet-Based Program to Prevent Unintended Pregnancy & STIs
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The Glass Is Half Full: Evidence for Efficacy of Alcohol-Wise at One University But Not the Other
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A Web-Based Approach to Address Cardiovascular Risks in Managers
Bennett, J. B., Broome, K. M., Schwab-Pilley, A., & Gilmore, P. L. (2011) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/jom.0b013e3182258bd8 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
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The use of web-based interventions to prevent excessive weight gain
Maon, S. N., Edirippulige, S., Ware, R. S., & Batch, J. (2011) · Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare · doi:10.1258/jtt.2011.110306 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
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Better evidence for smarter policy making
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Cannabis use and cannabis use disorder
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Web-Based Mindfulness Interventions for People With Physical Health Conditions: Systematic Review
Toivonen, K. I., Zernicke, K., & Carlson, L. E. (2017) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.7487 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
User Models for Personalized Physical Activity Interventions: Scoping Review
Ghanvatkar, S., Kankanhalli, A., & Rajan, V. (2018) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/11098 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Randomized Trial to Reduce Cardiovascular Risk in Women with Recent Preeclampsia
Rich-Edwards, J. W., Stuart, J. J., Skurnik, G., Roche, A. T., Tsigas, E. Z., Fitzmaurice, G. M., Wilkins-Haug, L. E., Levkoff, S. E., & Seely, E. W. (2019) · Journal of Women s Health · doi:10.1089/jwh.2018.7523 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
New Australian guidelines for the treatment of alcohol problems: an overview of recommendations
Haber, P., Riordan, B. C., Winter, D. T., Barrett, L., Saunders, J., Hides, L. M., Gullo, M. J., Manning, V., Day, C., Bonomo, Y. A., et al. (2021) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/mja2.51254 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
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Social Media Intervention Design: Applying an Affordances Framework
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“Internet-based psychological interventions are easy to access and inexpensive; therefore, it is important to determine whether iACT is an effective alternative option for reducing depressive symptoms, anxiety, stress, and overall psychological distress and improving QoL [8].”
Internet-Based Interventions in Chronic Somatic Disease
Bendig, E., Bauereiß, N., Ebert, D. D., Snoek, F., Andersson, G., & Baumeister, H. (2018) · Deutsches Ärzteblatt international · doi:10.3238/arztebl.2018.0659 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Digital Technology and Mobile Health in Behavioral Migraine Therapy: a Narrative Review
Stubberud, A., & Linde, M. (2018) · Current Pain and Headache Reports · doi:10.1007/s11916-018-0718-0 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Identification and Treatment of Alcohol Use Disorder
Haber, P. (2025) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra2306511 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Joseph-Shehu, E. M., Ncama, B. P., Mooi, N. M., & Mashamba-Thompson, T. P. (2019) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-029872 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
To What Extent is Internet Activity Predictive of Psychological Well-Being?
Lippke, S., Dahmen, A., Gao, L., Guza, E., & Nigg, C. R. (2021) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s274502 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Supporting Engagement, Adherence, and Behavior Change in Online Dietary Interventions
Young, C., Campolonghi, S., Ponsonby, S., Dawson, S. L., O'Neil, A. E., KAY‐LAMBKIN, F. J., McNaughton, S. A., Berk, M., & Jacka, F. N. (2019) · Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jneb.2019.03.006 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
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Web-based rehabilitation interventions for people with rheumatoid arthritis: A systematic review
Srikesavan, C. S., Bryer, C., Ali, U. M., & Williamson, E. M. (2018) · Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare · doi:10.1177/1357633x18768400 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
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Local Government Website Accessibility—Evidence from Poland
Król, K., & Zdonek, D. (2020) · Administrative Sciences · doi:10.3390/admsci10020022 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
E-Sexual Health: A Position Statement of the European Society for Sexual Medicine
Kirana, P., Güdeloğlu, A., Sansone, A., Fode, M. M., Reisman, Y., Corona, G., & Burri, A. V. (2020) · The Journal of Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.jsxm.2020.03.009 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Internet-based interventions for behavioral addictions: A systematic review
Boumparis, N., Haug, S., Abend, S., Billieux, J., Riper, H. M., & Schaub, M. P. (2022) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.2022.00054 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Arnold, C., Farhall, J., Villagonzalo, K.-A., Sharma, K., & Thomas, N. (2021) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2021.100411 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“Despite demonstrated efficacy for various mental health difficulties (Rogers et al., 2017), issues with engagement such as low levels of use have presented as a substantial challenge in the implementation of online interventions for mental health difficulties broadly (Christensen et al., 2009).”
BackgroundAn update on behavioral treatments in migraine - current knowledge and future options
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User feedback and usability testing of an online training and support program for dementia carers
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- Authors
- Rogers, M. A., Lemmen, K., Kramer, R., Mann, J., & Chopra, V.
- Affiliations
- University of Michigan (US)
- Corresponding author
- Rogers, Mary AM
- Venue
- Journal of Medical Internet Research
- Publisher
- JMIR Publications Inc.
- Published
- 2017-03-24
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- e90
- ISSN
- 1438-8871 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5384996
- OpenAlex
- W2598169213
- Cited by
- 259
- References
- 148
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 46 · 2020: 38 · 2019: 33 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 5
- FWCI
- 3.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Journal of Medical Internet Research (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Griffith Research Online (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Mobile Health and mHealth Applications
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health Literacy and Information Accessibility
- Keywords
- online intervention, website availability, evidence dissemination, addiction treatment, mental health interventions, diet and physical activity, insomnia, chronic pain, self-monitoring, research gaps
- MeSH terms
- Health Promotion, Humans, Mental Health, Risk Factors, Meta-Analysis as Topic, Health Behavior, Internet
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