Age Metastereotyping and Cross-Age Workplace Interactions: A Meta View of Age Stereotypes at Work
Abstract
This paper advances the argument that fully understanding the dynamics of an increasingly age-diverse workforce requires the consideration not only of age stereotypes, but also of the stereotypes that older, younger, and middle-aged workers believe that others hold about their group. The activation of these age metastereotypes plays a key, yet under explored, role in shaping age-diverse interpersonal interactions at work. A review of relevant social and organizational literatures precedes the presentation of a conceptual model describing individual and contextual influences on metastereotypes in specific moments (activation) and at a chronic level (consciousness) and their implications for affect and behavior. Together, this review and model is intended to spark and guide future scholarship on age metastereotypes.
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More broadly, millennials have strong attitudes toward community and employee relations, service and product quality, global governance, diversity, individual values, and share a common concern for sustainability.
“More broadly, millennials have strong attitudes toward community and employee relations, service and product quality, global governance, diversity, individual values, and share a common concern for sustainability [212].”
From SCADA Systems With Focus on Continuous Manufacturing and Steel Industry: A Survey on Architectures, Standards, Challenges and Industry 5.0 (2022) · cites this paper as [212]
The “A Start” section discusses stereotypes of younger workers, while “Practical implications” mentions team members sharing their values and interests. Neither addresses the claimed millennial attitudes toward community or employee relations, product quality, governance, diversity, or sustainability. Searches for those terms and for millennial sustainability concerns found no supporting passage in our copy; page numbers were unavailable. (LLM, conf=0.76)
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Self-citationHeraty, N., & McCarthy, J. (2015) · Work Aging and Retirement · doi:10.1093/workar/wav008 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Individual consequences of age stereotypes on older workers
Weber, J., Angerer, P., & Müller, A. (2019) · Zeitschrift für Gerontologie und Geriatrie · doi:10.1007/s00391-019-01506-6 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Generational Differences and COVID-19: Positive Interactions in Virtual Workplaces
Urick, M. J. (2020) · Journal of Intergenerational Relationships · doi:10.1080/15350770.2020.1818662 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Weiss, D. J., & Perry, E. L. (2019) · Work Aging and Retirement · doi:10.1093/workar/waz010 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Rinker, L., & Fasbender, U. (2021) · Work Aging and Retirement · doi:10.1093/workar/waab028 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Youthfuls, Matures, and Veterans: Subtyping Subjective Age in Late-Career Employees
Nagy, N., Fasbender, U., & North, M. S. (2019) · Work Aging and Retirement · doi:10.1093/workar/waz015 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Workplace Age Discrimination and Social-psychological Well-being
Roscigno, V. J., Zheng, H.-L., & Crowley, M. L. (2022) · Society and Mental Health · doi:10.1177/21568693221116139 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Stereotype threat and older worker’s attitudes: a mediation model
Oliveira, E., & Cardoso, C. C. (2017) · Personnel Review · doi:10.1108/pr-11-2016-0306 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“Metastereotypes, like stereotypes, are beliefs derived from everyday social perceptions at work that involve social groups, whereas stereotype threats refer to the reaction elicited by the awareness of a negative stereotype about the ingroup (Finkelstein et al., 2015).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialDong, R., Yu, W., Ni, S., & Hu, Q. (2022) · Ethics & Behavior · doi:10.1080/10508422.2022.2126843 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Whereas most of the literature about ageism focuses on the stereotypes one group holds about other groups (Chiesa et al., 2016; Finkelstein et al., 2015; Liebermann et al., 2013; Rahn et al., 2021), little attention has been paid to the outcomes of perceived ageism (Kunze et al., 2011), and studies…”
Impact of Flexible Work Arrangements on Key Challenges to Work Engagement Among Older Workers
Allen, J., Alpass, F., Szabó, Á., & Stephens, C. V. (2021) · Work Aging and Retirement · doi:10.1093/workar/waab010 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Sustainable Employability in the Mid and Late Career: An Integrative Review
de la Hera, C. M. A., Mazzetti, G., & Vignoli, M. (2021) · Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.5093/jwop2021a16 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Watermann, H., Fasbender, U., & Klehe, U. (2023) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2023.103875 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Older workers’ representation and age-based stereotype threats in the workplace
Oliveira, E., & Cabral-Cardoso, C. (2017) · Journal of Managerial Psychology · doi:10.1108/jmp-03-2016-0085 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“Metastereotypes are beliefs regarding stereotypes other social groups hold about one’s ingroup and they should be present to initiate the stereotype threat process (Finkelstein et al., 2013, 2015; Voyles et al., 2014).”
BackgroundInfluentialMulders, J. O., Henkens, K., Liu, Y., Schippers, J., & Wang, M. (2016) · Ageing and Society · doi:10.1017/s0144686x16001343 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Job Search and (Re)employment From a Lifespan Development Perspective
Fasbender, U., & Klehe, U. (2018) · Work Aging and Retirement · doi:10.1093/workar/way009 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Mitchell, R. J., Gu, J., & Boyle, B. (2022) · Human Resource Management Journal · doi:10.1111/1748-8583.12476 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Bratun, U., Asaba, E., & Zurc, J. (2022) · Journal of Occupational Science · doi:10.1080/14427591.2022.2057574 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Helaß, M., Greinacher, A., Götz, S., Müller, A., Gündel, H., Junne, F., Nikendei, C., & Maatouk, I. (2021) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/jan.15021 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
The older worker: gender and age discrimination in the workplace
Francioli, S. P., & North, M. S. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-816094-7.00013-1 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Mind the ad: How personality requirements affect older and younger job seekers' job attraction
Koçak, A., Rooman, C., Duyck, W., & Derous, E. (2022) · Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1111/joop.12396 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Turek, K., Mulders, J. O., & Stypińska, J. (2022) · Work Aging and Retirement · doi:10.1093/workar/waac019 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Understanding the stereotypes of Millennials in the workplace
Arras‐Djabi, M., Cottard, L., & Shimada, S. (2023) · European Management Review · doi:10.1111/emre.12559 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
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Buffers or Boosters? The Role of HRM Practices in Older Workers' Experience of Stereotype Threat
Oliveira, E., & Cabral-Cardoso, C. (2017) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.2017.1405903 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“It is possible that older workers experience of threat may be somewhat different according to the outgroup targeted by the metastereotype (Finkelstein et al., 2015).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialOn the Interactive Effects of Objective and Subjective Age on Work Outcomes for Men and Women
Marcus, J., Fritzsche, B. A., & Ng, Y. L. (2019) · Work Aging and Retirement · doi:10.1093/workar/waz018 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Workplace Aging: The Reciprocal Relationship Between Adult Development and Work
Scheibe, S., & Kooij, D. T. A. M. (2024) · Annual Review of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-devpsych-010923-093135 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Work, career, age and life-stage: assumptions and preferences of a multigenerational workforce
Holian, R. (2015) · Labour & Industry a journal of the social and economic relations of work · doi:10.1080/10301763.2015.1083366 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
A Multilevel Theoretical Framework Integrating Diversity and Emotional Labor
Imose, R. A., & Finkelstein, L. M. (2018) · Group & Organization Management · doi:10.1177/1059601118793549 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Fisher (2000), in particular, contends that affect also likely influences behaviors such as effort exertion.”
BackgroundSelf-citationErtug, G., & Maoret, M. (2019) · Academy of Management Discoveries · doi:10.5465/amd.2018.0091 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Scholarios, D., & HEIJDEN, B. I. J. M. V. D. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.763746 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Research spanning decades has revealed the presence of such age stereotyping (e.g., Rosen and Jerdee, 1976; Kite and Johnson, 1988; Boerlijst et al., 1998; Chiu et al., 2001; Posthuma and Campion, 2009; Finkelstein et al., 2015; Lamont et al., 2015; Kulik et al., 2016; Zaniboni et al., 2019).”
Backgroundde la Hera, C. M. A., Fernández-Salinero, S., Topa, G., & Desmette, D. (2022) · Journal of Career Development · doi:10.1177/08948453221124895 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“This can also be explained by the possible activation of meta-stereotypes (Finkelstein et al., 2015), which are linked to working carers’ belief that employers may perceive them as less dedicated to their job and as having less interest in their career.”
BackgroundTally, A. C., Abbott, J., Bochner, A. M., Das, S., & Nippert-Eng, C. E. (2023) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3544548.3580650 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Through this approach, we sought individuals and ofces that allowed us to capture the behaviors and opinions of a wide range of ages [31] and highlight individuals who are part of the everyday workplace but not necessarily captured by many phishing studies, those individuals being mid-career women…”
BackgroundEppler‐Hattab, R., Doron, I. I., & Meshoulam, I. (2023) · Journal of Population Ageing · doi:10.1007/s12062-023-09424-7 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“The con - cept of WAF stands against labour market circumstances and conditions associated with age-related workplace dynamics, which in many cases lead to social devaluation and rejection of older workers (Finkelstein et al., 2015 ; Posthuma & Campion, 2009).”
Ageism in tourism: an intergroup contact theory approach
Kolos, K., & Kenesei, Z. (2023) · Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change · doi:10.1080/14766825.2023.2178315 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“There might be several antecedents to metastereotypes (Finkelstein et al., 2015) such as external locus of control, prejudice toward outgroups, context or power, but the outcome is typically a negative affect or discomfort and the desire to avoid inter-age contact in the case of age-based metastereotypes (Fowler & Gas…”
BackgroundEmployee Age Differences in Using Internet‐Based Tools at Work
Burlacu, G. I., Truxillo, D. M., & Bauer, T. N. (2017) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119256151.ch20 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Silenced Inequalities: Too Young or Too Old?
Ning, W. (2019) · Palgrave explorations in workplace stigma · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-11647-7_4 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Age Metastereotypes and the Content of Imagined Interage Conversations
Fowler, C., & Gasiorek, J. (2019) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/0093650219849351 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“106), the scarcity of meaningful interage contact may force people to rely on metastereotypes to grasp how they are seen by those in other age groups (Finkelstein et al., 2013; Vorauer, 2006); yet, the excessive negativity of these metastereotypes may taint expectations for intergroup interactions in general, and IAIs…”
BackgroundInfluentialCareer Development of Older Workers and Retirees
Hirschi, A., & Pang, D. (2020) · doi:10.1002/9781394258994.ch14 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Every coin has two sides: the case of thriving at work
Oliveira, E. (2021) · Journal of Management & Organization · doi:10.1017/jmo.2021.55 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“’ Challenge A 3-item measured adapted from Finkelstein, King, and Voyles (2015, 2019) captured the challenge reaction.”
InfluentialWorkplace youngism: a scoping review of agism toward younger workers
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Drazic, I., & Schermuly, C. C. (2021) · Work Aging and Retirement · doi:10.1093/workar/waab005 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
The Relationship of Employment Scarcity and Perceived Threat With Ageist and Sexist Attitudes
Ospina, J. H., Cleveland, J. N., & Gibbons, A. M. (2019) · Work Aging and Retirement · doi:10.1093/workar/waz003 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
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Thomas, C. L., & Finkelstein, L. M. (2022) · Work Aging and Retirement · doi:10.1093/workar/waac005 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationAre women penalized for showing pride at work? Gender disparities in the competence‐warmth tradeoff
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“…of their study, as well as the prevailing scientific findings that younger and older employees are more likely to be exposed to negative stereotypes, whilst middle-aged employees are more likely to be judged with positive age-related stereotypes (Duncan and Loretto, 2004; Finkelstein et al., 2015).”
The temporal dynamics of age metastereotyping and thriving at work
Oliveira, E. (2022) · European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1080/1359432x.2022.2149396 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
The worn-out syndrome: Uncertainties in late working life triggering retirement decisions
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Aging, Work, and Retirement: Twenty-First-Century Issues in an Interdisciplinary Context
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Nurses' generational stereotypes and self-stereotypes: a cognitive study
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Self-citationA Lay Theory Perspective on Age-Based Stereotyping
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Modern Ageism and Age Stereotyping
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A study on stereotypes about vocational education and its groups in China
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Innovating Career Counselling to Manage the Transitions to Bridge Employment and Retirement
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Animal Models of Oral Mucositis Induced by Antineoplastic Drugs and Radiation
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“Age group membership and negative age-based (meta-)stereotypes reduce employability, directly impacting career options and shaping career decisions (Finkelstein et al., 2015).”
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Age Discrimination as a Bone of Contention in the EU: A Psychological Perspective
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Brave or brash? Exploring metastereotypes of voicers and nonvoicers in the workplace
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Self-citationReducing Older Workers’ Sickness Absence: The Moderating Role of Perceived Fairness
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Nonprototypical managers: The identity work of young managers in relation to age-based stereotypes
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“…加工的影响 , 如工作记忆 ( 李梦文 等 , 2021; 孙亚 文 等 , 2015) 。工作记忆作为认知加工的重要形式 , 与个体信息加工效率有密切关联 , 会对个体的学 习、推理、问题解决、创造力等多个方面产生影响 (Groborz & Necka, 2003; Kane & Engle, 2003; (Fowler & Gasiorek, 2019; Matera et al., 2015), 对 积极元刻板印象激活影响个体认知加工的探究较 为缺乏。 以往研究指出积极元刻板印象激活产生何种 效应 , 取决于群体成员持有积极元刻板印象的数量 ,…”
Older and younger job seekers’ attention towards metastereotypes in job ads
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An Ecological Systems Framework for Work and Aging
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- Authors
- Finkelstein, L. M., King, E. B., & Voyles, E. C.
- Affiliations
- Northern Illinois University (US)
- George Mason University (US)
- Venue
- Work, Aging and Retirement
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2014-12-30
- Volume
- 1
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 26-40
- ISSN
- 2054-4642 (ISSN-L)
- 2054-4650
- OpenAlex
- W2184412112
- Cited by
- 142
- References
- 76
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 6
- FWCI
- 24.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Work Aging and Retirement (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Demography › Retirement, Disability, and Employment
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Aging and Gerontology Research
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Keywords
- age stereotypes, age-diverse workforce, stereotype activation, older workers, young workers, middle-aged workers
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