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Cited by 217Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentMental Health Treatment and AccessMaternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum

Psychosocial risks for major depression in late adolescence: a longitudinal community study

REINHERZ, HELEN Z., GIACONIA, ROSE M., PAKIZ, BILGE, SILVERMAN, AMY B., FROST, ABBIE K., LEFKOWITZ, EVA S.·1993·Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
DOI 10.1097/00004583-199311000-00007
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Abstract

Objective An ongoing 14-year longitudinal study examined psychosocial antecedents of major depression in late adolescence in a community population.Method Subjects were 385 adolescents followed between the ages of 5 and 18 years. Early health, familial, behavior, academic, and environmental risks for major depression were identified using data collected at ages 5, 9, 15, and 18 years. At age 18, a lifetime diagnosis of major depression was assessed using the NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS-III-R).Results For males, neonatal health problems, dependence problems at age 5 years, perceived unpopularity and poorer perceptions of their role in the family at age 9 years, remarriage of a parent, early family discord, and anxiety at age 15 years significantly increased the risk of developing major depression. Females with major depression, compared with nondepressed females, had older parents and came from larger families, and at age 9 years had greater perceived unpopularity and anxiety, lower self-esteem, and poorer perceptions of their role in the family. Depressed females also reported more stressful life events, including death of parent and pregnancy.Conclusions Underscoring the importance of early psychosocial factors in the later development of major depression and pointing to specific risks, our findings can aid in developing strategies for prevention and early intervention.

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Authors
REINHERZ, H. Z., GIACONIA, R. M., PAKIZ, B., SILVERMAN, A. B., FROST, A. K., & LEFKOWITZ, E. S.
Affiliations
Simmons University (US)
Corresponding author
REINHERZ, HELEN Z.
ORCID
LEFKOWITZ, EVA S.
Venue
Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
1993-11
Volume
32
Issue
6
Pages
1155-1163
ISSN
0890-8567 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1097/00004583-199311000-00007
OpenAlex
W2003617728
Cited by
217
References
51
Citations by year
2025: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 4
FWCI
3.04
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations
  • Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
National Institute of Mental Health (MH41569, R01MH041569)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
Keywords
major depressive disorder, late adolescence, psychosocial risk factors, parental dependence, parental remarriage, family conflict, childhood anxiety, self-esteem, life events, sex differences, depression prevention, early intervention
MeSH terms
Achievement, Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior, Child, Child, Preschool, Community Mental Health Centers, Depressive Disorder, Environment, Family, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Health Status, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Sex Factors, Socioeconomic Factors, Age of Onset

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