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Cited by 1,112Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentMental Health Treatment and AccessMaternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum

Mental Health, Educational, and Social Role Outcomes of Adolescents With Depression

Fergusson, David M., Woodward, Lianne J.·2002·Archives of General Psychiatry
DOI 10.1001/archpsyc.59.3.225
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Abstract

BACKGROUND: This study used longitudinal data to examine the extent to which young people with depression in mid adolescence (ages 14-16) were at increased risk of adverse psychosocial outcomes in later adolescence and young adulthood (ages 16-21). METHODS: Data were gathered during a 21-year longitudinal study of a birth cohort of 1265 children. Measures included assessments of DSM-III-R major depression (at age 14-16); psychiatric disorders, educational achievement, and social functioning (at age 16-21); social, familial, and individual factors; and comorbid disorders. RESULTS: Thirteen percent of the cohort developed depression between ages 14 and 16. Young people with depression in adolescence were at significantly (P<.05) increased risk of later major depression, anxiety disorders, nicotine dependence, alcohol abuse or dependence, suicide attempt, educational underachievement, unemployment, and early parenthood. These associations were similar for girls and boys. The results suggested the presence of 2 major pathways linking early depression to later outcomes. First, there was a direct linkage between early depression and increased risk of later major depression or anxiety disorders. Second, the associations between early depression and other outcomes were explained by the presence of confounding social, familial, and individual factors. CONCLUSIONS: Young people having early depression were at increased risk of later adverse psychosocial outcomes. There was a direct linkage in which early depression was associated with increased risk of later major depression and anxiety disorders. Linkages between early depression and other outcomes appeared to reflect the effects of confounding factors.

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Authors
Fergusson, D. M., & Woodward, L. J.
ORCID
Venue
Archives of General Psychiatry
Publisher
American Medical Association (AMA)
Published
2002-03-01
Volume
59
Issue
3
Pages
225
ISSN
0003-990X (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1001/archpsyc.59.3.225
OpenAlex
W2037096268
Cited by
1,112
References
35
Citations by year
2026: 32 · 2025: 48 · 2024: 46 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 63 · 2021: 101 · 2020: 65 · 2019: 64 · 2018: 55 · 2017: 54 · 2016: 67 · 2015: 59 · 2014: 66 · 2013: 47 · 2012: 46
FWCI
17.22
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Archives of General Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • Lotto New Zealand
  • Health Research Council of New Zealand
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
Keywords
adolescent depression, major depressive disorder, anxiety disorders, nicotine dependence, alcohol abuse, suicide attempts, educational underachievement, unemployment, early parenthood, comorbidities, psychosocial outcomes, early adulthood, longitudinal cohort
MeSH terms
Adaptation, Psychological, Adolescent, Adult, Alcoholism, Anxiety Disorders, Major Depressive Disorder, Depressive Disorder, Major, Educational Status, Female, Humans, Juvenile Delinquency, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Pregnancy, Pregnancy in Adolescence, Risk Factors, Role, Smoking, Social Adjustment, Suicide, Attempted, Underachievement, Unemployment

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