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The British Child and Adolescent Mental Health Survey 1999: The Prevalence of DSM-IV Disorders
Open accessAbstract
Objective To describe the prevalence of DSM-IV disorders and comorbidity in a large population-based sample of British children and adolescents.Method Using a one-phase design, 10,438 children were assessed using the Development and Well-Being Assessment (DAWBA), a structured interview with verbatim reports reviewed by clinicians so that information from parents, teachers, and children was combined in a manner that emulated the clinical process. The authors' analysis examined comorbidity and the influence of teacher reports.Results The overall prevalence of DSM-IV disorders was 9.5% (95% confidence interval 8.8-10.1%), but 2.1% of children were assigned "not otherwise specified" rather than operationalized diagnoses. After adjusting for the presence of a third disorder, there was no longer significant comorbidity between anxiety and conduct disorder or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), or between depression and oppositional defiant disorder. A comparison of the disorders in children with and without teacher reports suggested that the prevalence of conduct disorders and ADHD would be underestimated in the absence of teacher information.Conclusions Roughly 1 in 10 children have at least one DSM-IV disorder, involving a level of distress or social impairment likely to warrant treatment. Comorbidity reported between some childhood diagnoses may be due to the association of both disorders with a third. Diagnoses of conduct disorder and ADHD may be missed if information is not sought from teachers about children's functioning in school.
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“the DSM diagnostic criteria for adolescent MDD have low diagnostic validity and specificity, resulting in unclear diagnostic boundaries especially with regard to generalized and social anxiety”
From Feasibility and preliminary efficacy of a novel RDoC-based treatment program for adolescent depression: "Training for Awareness Resilience and Action" (TARA)-A pilot study (2017) · cites this paper as [10]
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“Findings indicate that children exposed to early adverse childhood experiences in general [22] and more specifically children placed in foster care have a heightened risk of attachment difficulties [23,24].”
From Mental disorders in foster children: a study of prevalence, comorbidity and risk factors (2013) · cites this paper as [23]
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Goldner, L., & Ruderman, Y. (2019) · The Arts in Psychotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.aip.2019.101613 · Cited by 7
Transtornos de ansiedade e avaliação psicológica: Instrumentos utilizados no Brasil
Vanzeler, M. L. A. (2020) · Revista Científica Multidisciplinar Núcleo do Conhecimento · doi:10.32749/nucleodoconhecimento.com.br/psicologia/instrumentos-utilizados · Cited by 5
“…verificaram taxas de morbidade similares aqueles encontrados no Brasil, indicando prevalência de 3,4% em crianças, e 5,04% em adolescentes (FORD et al., 2003). www.nucleodoconhecimento.com.br Segundo a Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS) a prevalência mundial do transtorno de ansiedade…”
BackgroundDanzi, B. A., Greca, A. M. L., Green, J. G., & Comer, J. S. (2021) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2021.1894330 · Cited by 5
“…ample trauma exposure (Costello et al., 2002), documented prevalence rates of PTSD have been extremely low in children (0.1% in the U.S. and U.K., compared to 5–9% in adolescents and adults; American Psychiatric Association, 2013; Copeland et al., 2007; Ford et al., 2003; Merikangas et al., 2010).”
BackgroundInfluentialWeidle, B., Ivarsson, T., Asbahr, F. R., Calvo, R. M., Mataix‐Cols, D., Rynn, M. A., & Storch, E. A. (2021) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2021.113858 · Cited by 4
Conduct Disorder and Oppositional Defiant Disorder
Cunningham, P. B., Randall, J., Ryan, S. R., & Fleming, B. D. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-25501-9_9 · Cited by 5
Gouveia, J. D., & Ebersöhn, L. (2019) · International handbooks of quality-of-life · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-15367-0_4 · Cited by 5
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Ather, M., & Salmon, G. (2010) · British Journal of Hospital Medicine · doi:10.12968/hmed.2010.71.11.79663 · Cited by 5
Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents
Graczyk, P. A., Connolly, S. D., & Çorapçı, F. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/0-387-23846-8_7 · Cited by 5
Question 2 Should a child with ADHD and epilepsy be given Ritalin?
Boyes, C. (2010) · Archives of Disease in Childhood · doi:10.1136/adc.2010.193144 · Cited by 5
Anxiety Prevention in Indigenous Youth
Adermann, J., & Campbell, M. A. (2008) · The Journal of Student Wellbeing · doi:10.21913/jsw.v1i2.175 · Cited by 5
Hobbs, T. (2009) · International Journal of Social Research Methodology · doi:10.1080/13645570903354294 · Cited by 5
Ormel, J. (2015) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0924-9338(15)30933-0 · Cited by 6
Assessing Child and Adolescent Internalizing Disorders
Hudson, J. L., Newall, C., Schneider, S. C., & Morris, T. M. (2014) · doi:10.1002/9781118500576.ch7 · Cited by 5
Anxiety-reducing strategies in the classroom
Buchler, R. K. (2013) · ScholarWorks - WMU (Western Michigan University) · Cited by 5
Langley, K., DelPozo‐Baños, M., Dalsgaard, S., Paranjothy, S., Riglin, L., John, A. M., & Thapar, A. (2023) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.01.10.23284395 · Cited by 5
Bayer, J. K., Guyon‐Harris, K. L., Broadley, O., Gill, A. M., Hiscock, H., & Shaw, D. S. (2024) · Child & Family Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1080/07317107.2024.2415620 · Cited by 5
“…disorder and/or conduct disorder) or demonstrating elevated scores relative to national norms (for example in the 90–98th percentile on questionnaires such as the Child Behavior Checklist (Costello et al., 2003; Ford et al., 2003; Lawrence et al., 2016; Polanczyk et al., 2015; Sawyer et al., 2001).”
Critical appraisal of studies evaluating prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Tivadar, M., Popit, S., Locatelli, I., & Štuhec, M. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1646618 · Cited by 5
Screening of Emotional and Behavioral Problems among Youth in the Schools of Beirut
Haddad, H. K. R. (2015) · Journal of Depression & Anxiety · doi:10.4172/2167-1044.1000183 · Cited by 4
“8% for any psychiatric diagnosis among 11-16 year old youth in the schools of Beirut, which is similar to the mean prevalence in developed countries, [1-5], as well as in Arab countries outside the conflict zones [7,9,10].”
BackgroundOlga, A. H., Klikpo, E. T. E., Hounkpatin, B., Kpozéhouen, A., Yann, G. K., Inès, Y. Z., Fernand, G., Houinato, D. S., & Xavier, P. R. (2019) · World Journal of Public Health · doi:10.11648/j.wjph.20190403.12 · Cited by 4
Common mental health problems in childhood and adolescence: the broad and varied landscape
Ford, T. J., & Ramchandani, P. G. (2009) · Child Care Health and Development · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2214.2009.01022.x · Cited by 4
Self-citationBodey, C. (2011) · Clinical Medicine Insights Therapeutics · doi:10.4137/cmt.s6615 · Cited by 4
Brief mental health screening questionnaire for children and adolescents in primary care settings
de la Osa, N., Ezpeleta, L., Granero, R., & Domenech, J. M. (2009) · International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health · doi:10.1515/ijamh.2009.21.1.91 · Cited by 4
“5% (1) and suffering from a mental health problem are”
BackgroundContextual modulation of medial prefrontal cortex to neutral faces in anxious adolescents
Peris, T. S., & Galván, A. (2013) · Biology of Mood & Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1186/2045-5380-3-18 · Cited by 4
“Anxiety disorders occur frequently in children and adolescents [1] affecting up to 25% of the youth population [2-4].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- FORD, T., GOODMAN, R., & MELTZER, H.
- Affiliations
- King's College London (GB)
- Office for National Statistics (GB)
- Venue
- Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2003-10
- Volume
- 42
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 1203-1211
- ISSN
- 0890-8567 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2057670386
- Cited by
- 1,227
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 40 · 2020: 54 · 2019: 44 · 2018: 53 · 2017: 59 · 2016: 75 · 2015: 88 · 2014: 102 · 2013: 84 · 2012: 103
- FWCI
- 32.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- Leicester Research Archive (University of Leicester) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Keywords
- child and adolescent mental health, DSM-IV disorders, prevalence, comorbidities, conduct disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, anxiety disorders, depression, oppositional defiant disorder, teacher reports, Development and Well-Being Assessment, school functioning
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Mental Disorders, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, United Kingdom, Health Surveys, Humans, Male, Mental Health, Social Behavior, Comorbidity, Prevalence, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
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