Cited by 1,227Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentMental Health Treatment and AccessAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 37 of the 37 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

The British Child and Adolescent Mental Health Survey 1999: The Prevalence of DSM-IV Disorders

Open access

FORD, TAMSIN, GOODMAN, ROBERT, MELTZER, HOWARD·2003·Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry

DOI 10.1097/00004583-200310000-00011

Open this paper in CoChat — free account Open PDF

Abstract

Objective To describe the prevalence of DSM-IV disorders and comorbidity in a large population-based sample of British children and adolescents.Method Using a one-phase design, 10,438 children were assessed using the Development and Well-Being Assessment (DAWBA), a structured interview with verbatim reports reviewed by clinicians so that information from parents, teachers, and children was combined in a manner that emulated the clinical process. The authors' analysis examined comorbidity and the influence of teacher reports.Results The overall prevalence of DSM-IV disorders was 9.5% (95% confidence interval 8.8-10.1%), but 2.1% of children were assigned "not otherwise specified" rather than operationalized diagnoses. After adjusting for the presence of a third disorder, there was no longer significant comorbidity between anxiety and conduct disorder or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), or between depression and oppositional defiant disorder. A comparison of the disorders in children with and without teacher reports suggested that the prevalence of conduct disorders and ADHD would be underestimated in the absence of teacher information.Conclusions Roughly 1 in 10 children have at least one DSM-IV disorder, involving a level of distress or social impairment likely to warrant treatment. Comorbidity reported between some childhood diagnoses may be due to the association of both disorders with a third. Diagnoses of conduct disorder and ADHD may be missed if information is not sought from teachers about children's functioning in school.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1097/00004583-200310000-00011

Cites

37 of 37 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
American Psychiatric Association (2013) · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596 · Cited by 116,369
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,845
Comorbidity
Angold, A., Costello, E. J., & Erkanli, A. (1999) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00424 · Cited by 1,872
The Development and Well‐Being Assessment: Description and Initial Validation of an Integrated Assessment of Child and Adolescent Psychopathology
Goodman, R., Ford, T., Richards, H., Gatward, R., & Meltzer, H. (2000) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2000.tb02345.x · Cited by 1,755
Self-citation
The NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children Version 2.3 (DISC-2.3): Description, Acceptability, Prevalence Rates, and Performance in the MECA Study
SHAFFER, D., FISHER, P., DULCAN, M. K., DAVIES, M., PIACENTINI, J., SCHWAB-STONE, M. E., LAHEY, B. B., BOURDON, K., JENSEN, P. S., BIRD, H. R., et al. (1996) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199607000-00012 · Cited by 1,587
Adolescent psychopathology: I. Prevalence and incidence of depression and other DSM-III—R disorders in high school students.
Lewinsohn, P. M., Hops, H., Roberts, R. E., Seeley, J. R., & Andrews, J. A. (1993) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.102.1.133 · Cited by 1,547
DSM-III Disorders in Preadolescent Children
Anderson, J. C. (1987) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1987.01800130081010 · Cited by 1,466
Mental health of children and adolescents in Great Britain
Meltzer, H., Gatward, R., Goodman, R., & Ford, T. (2003) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/0954026021000046155 · Cited by 1,214
Self-citation
The Great Smoky Mountains Study of Youth
Costello, E. J. (1996) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1996.01830120067012 · Cited by 1,088
Ontario Child Health Study
Offord, D. R. (1987) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1987.01800210084013 · Cited by 1,044

Show all 37 references

Research works printed but not linked: 3

Canino, 1995, Child psychiatric epidemiology: what have we learned and what we need to learn, Int J Methods Psychiatr Res, 5, 79
Kashani, 1987, Psychiatric disorders in a community sample of adolescents, Am J Psychiatry, 144, 584
Market Research Society, 1981, Report of the second working party on respondent co-operation: 1977–1980, J Market Res Soc, 23, 3

Sorted by citations

Items 201–300 of 998

One‐year incidence of psychiatric disorders and associated risk factors among adolescents in the community
ROBERTS, R. E., Roberts, C. R., & Chan, W. (2009) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.01969.x · Cited by 105
Co‐occurring problems of early onset persistent, childhood limited, and adolescent onset conduct problem youth
Barker, E. D., Oliver, B. R., & Maughan, B. (2010) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02240.x · Cited by 108
Psychometric properties of the school anxiety scale—Teacher report (SAS-TR)
Lyneham, H. J., Street, A. K., Abbott, M. J., & Rapee, R. M. (2007) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.02.001 · Cited by 113
The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire as a Predictor of Parent-Reported Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Russell, G., Rodgers, L. R., & Ford, T. J. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0080247 · Cited by 112
“The low prevalence of parent-reported ADHD diagnosis is consistent with other UK studies [45] and studies in Scandinavia [46].”
ResultSelf-citation
Neonatal Infection and Later Neurodevelopmental Risk in the Very Preterm Infant
Rand, K., Austin, N. C., Inder, T. E., Bora, S., & Woodward, L. J. (2015) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.11.017 · Cited by 103
Preschool self regulation predicts later mental health and educational achievement in very preterm and typically developing children
Woodward, L. J., Lu, Z., Morris, A. R., & Healey, D. M. (2016) · The Clinical Neuropsychologist · doi:10.1080/13854046.2016.1251614 · Cited by 116
Prevalence of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): systematic review and meta-analysis
Popit, S., Serod, K., Locatelli, I., & Štuhec, M. (2024) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/j.eurpsy.2024.1786 · Cited by 132
Predictors of Service Use for Mental Health Problems Among British Schoolchildren
Ford, T. J., Hamilton, H., Meltzer, H., & Goodman, R. (2007) · Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1111/j.1475-3588.2007.00449.x · Cited by 103
Self-citation
Prevalence of Psychiatric Disorders Among Children of Different Ethnic Origin
Zwirs, B. W. C., Burger, H., Schulpen, T. W. J., Wiznitzer, M., Fedder, H., & Buitelaar, J. K. (2007) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-007-9112-9 · Cited by 101
“This prevalence estimate is comparable to the prevalence observed in another study conducted in the Netherlands (Verhulst, van der, Ferdinand, & Kasius, 1997) and to the prevalence estimates in other countries ( Ford, Goodman, & Meltzer, 2003; Bilenberg, Petersen, Hoerder, & Gillberg, 2005).”
Result
Clinicians' Attitudes Towards the Use of Computerized Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (cCBT) with Children and Adolescents
Stallard, P. N., Richardson, T. H., & Velleman, S. C. (2010) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465810000421 · Cited by 106
“Emotional disorders are common in children and adolescents in the UK; at any one time 3.9% of children aged 13–15 will suffer from an anxiety disorder, and 1.9% will be experiencing major depression (Ford, Goodman and Meltzer, 2003a).”
BackgroundInfluential
Detained Male Adolescent Offender’s Emotional, Physical and Sexual Maltreatment Profiles and Their Associations to Psychiatric Disorders and Criminal Behaviors
Aebi, M., Linhart, S., Thun‐Hohenstein, L., Bessler, C., Steinhausen, H., & Plattner, B. (2014) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-014-9961-y · Cited by 102
The regional distribution of anxiety disorders: implications for the Global Burden of Disease Study, 2010
Baxter, A. J., Vos, T., Scott, K. M., Norman, R. E., Flaxman, A. D., Blore, J. D., & Whiteford, H. (2014) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.1444 · Cited by 105
How impaired are children and adolescents by mental health problems? Results of the BELLA study
Wille, N., Bettge, S., Wittchen, H.-U., Ravens-Sieberer, U., & The BELLA study group (2008) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-008-1005-0 · Cited by 101
“[15] in the British Mental Health Survey, a fifth of psychiatric cases had non-operationalised or ‘not otherwise specified’ disorders.”
Background
Unique and interactive effects of neuroticism and effortful control on psychopathological symptoms in non-clinical adolescents
Muris, P. (2006) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2005.12.001 · Cited by 101
The Ilha de Mar� study: a survey of child mental health problems in a predominantly African-Brazilian rural community
Goodman, R., dos Santos, D. N., Nunes, A. P. R., de Miranda, D. P., Fleitlich‐Bilyk, B., & Filho, N. D. A. (2004) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-005-0851-z · Cited by 101
Self-citation
Cross-national differences in questionnaires do not necessarily reflect comparable differences in disorder prevalence
Goodman, A., Heiervang, E. R., Fleitlich‐Bilyk, B., Alyahri, A., Patel, V., Mullick, M. S. I., Slobodskaya, H. R., dos Santos, D. N., & Goodman, R. (2011) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-011-0440-2 · Cited by 100
Self-citation
Zur Epidemiologie psychischer Störungen im Kindes- und Jugendalter
Petermann, F. (2005) · Kindheit und Entwicklung · doi:10.1026/0942-5403.14.1.48 · Cited by 108
NICE guideline: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Figure 1
Atkinson, M., & Hollis, C. (2010) · Archives of disease in childhood - Education & practice edition · doi:10.1136/adc.2009.175943 · Cited by 97
Parental discipline behaviours and beliefs about their child: associations with child internalizing and mediation relationships.
Laskey, B., & Cartwright-Hatton, S. (2009) · Child: Care, Health and Development · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2214.2009.00977.x · Cited by 127
“Recent epidemiological studies suggest that at least 3% of children aged 11 years or below will experience a diagnosable anxiety disorder at any one time, with around 1% experiencing depressive disorders (Ford et al. 1999).”
Adolescents’ Mental Health at School: The Mediating Role of Life Satisfaction
Cavioni, V., Grazzani, I., Ornaghi, V., Agliati, A., & Pepe, A. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.720628 · Cited by 139
Prevalence of mental health problems among children placed in out‐of‐home care in Denmark
Egelund, T., & Lausten, M. (2009) · Child & Family Social Work · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2206.2009.00620.x · Cited by 96
Sleep patterns in children with ADHD : a population‐based cohort study from birth to 11 years
Scott, N., Blair, P. S., Emond, A. M., Fleming, P. J., Humphreys, J. S., Henderson, J., & Gringras, P. (2013) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2869.2012.01054.x · Cited by 94
“Data from a UK population-based study that employed the DAWBA suggest that this potentially results in an underestimate of the prevalence of ADHD (Ford et al., 2003).”
MethodInfluential
Obesity impairs academic attainment in adolescence: findings from ALSPAC, a UK cohort
Booth, J. N., Tomporowski, P. D., Boyle, J. M. E., Ness, A., Joinson, C. J., Leary, S. D., & Reilly, J. J. (2014) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2014.40 · Cited by 104
Social Anxiety Symptoms in Young Children: Investigating the Interplay of Theory of Mind and Expressions of Shyness
Colonnesi, C., Nikolić, M., de Vente, W., & Bögels, S. M. (2016) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-016-0206-0 · Cited by 94
“…research shows that the percentage of people considering themselves shy is consistently higher than the percentage of people meeting the criteria for social anxiety disorder (Burstein et al. 2011; Chavira et al. 2002; Costello et al. 2003; Ford et al. 2003; Heiser et al. 2003; Rapee et al. 2009).”
Background
Comorbidity Between Depression and Anxiety in Adolescents: Bridge Symptoms and Relevance of Risk and Protective Factors
Konaç, D., Young, K. S., Lau, J. Y. F., & Barker, E. D. (2021) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-021-09880-5 · Cited by 97
Prevalence of behavioural and emotional problems among six-years-old preschool children
Fürniss, T., Beyer, T., & Guggenmos, J. (2006) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-006-0045-3 · Cited by 93
“The British Child and Mental Health Survey in 1999 reported a raising rate of psychiatric disorders from 7.8% of 5‐7 years old children up to 12.2% in children at the age of 13‐15 years [ 8 ].”
BackgroundInfluential
Age and gender differences in depressive symptomatology and comorbidity: an incident sample of psychiatrically admitted children
Sørensen, M. J., Nissen, J. B., Mors, O. N., & Thomsen, P. H. (2004) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2004.09.003 · Cited by 93
“smaller if only major depressive disorder (MDD) is regarded (Cohen et al., 1993; Costello et al., 1996; Ford et al., 2003 ).”
Background
Cognitive, affective, and behavioral characteristics of mothers with anxiety disorders in the context of child anxiety disorder.
Creswell, C., Apetroaia, A., Murray, L., & Cooper, P. (2012) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0029516 · Cited by 108
The use of the development and well-being assessment (DAWBA) in clinical practice: a randomized trial
Aebi, M., Kühn, C., Metzke, C. W., Stringaris, A. K., Goodman, R., & Steinhausen, H. (2012) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-012-0293-6 · Cited by 92
“The initial validation of the DAWBA involved a study of both a community and a clinic sample [13] and the instrument has been used ever since in various epidemiological studies in Britain [7], Brazil [6], Bangladesh [24], Norway [15] and Russia [14].”
MethodResultSelf-citation
A Systematic Review of the Assessment and Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Rumball, F. (2018) · Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s40489-018-0133-9 · Cited by 100
Effective management of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) through structured re-assessment: the Dundee ADHD Clinical Care Pathway
Coghill, D., & Seth, S. (2015) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-015-0083-2 · Cited by 98
“2 % [3].”
ADHD in Germany: Trends in Diagnosis and Pharmacotherapy
Bachmann, C., Philipsen, A., & Hoffmann, F. (2017) · Deutsches Ärzteblatt international · doi:10.3238/arztebl.2017.0141 · Cited by 95
Prevalence and correlates of mental disorders in Israeli adolescents: results from a national mental health survey
Farbstein, I., Mansbach‐Kleinfeld, I., Levinson, D., Goodman, R., Levav, I., Vograft, I., Kanaaneh, R., Ponizovsky, A. M., Brent, D. A., & Apter, A. (2009) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2009.02188.x · Cited by 91
Self-citation
The role of anxiety in the development, maintenance, and treatment of childhood aggression
Granic, I. (2014) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579414001175 · Cited by 97
Validity of the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) in detecting depressive and anxiety disorders among high school students
Baksheev, G. N., Robinson, J., Cosgrave, E. M., Baker, K., & Yung, A. R. (2011) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2010.10.010 · Cited by 111
“Given that prevalence of depression and anxiety is broadly similar to those reported among high school students internationally (Lewinsohn et al., 1993; Wittchen et al., 1998; Ford et al., 2003), it seems likely that adolescents from the current study are similar to adolescents in other countries.”
Result
Depressive symptoms, pain and disability for adolescent patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis: results from the Childhood Arthritis Prospective Study
Hanns, L., Cordingley, L., Galloway, J. B., Norton, S., Carvalho, L. A., Christie, D., Sen, D., Carrasco, R., Rashid, A., Foster, H., et al. (2018) · Rheumatology · doi:10.1093/rheumatology/key088 · Cited by 89
Is ADHD a valid diagnosis in adults? Yes
Asherson, P. J., Adamou, M., Bolea-Alamanac, B. M., Müller, U., Dunn-Morua, S., Pitts, M. E., Thome, J., & Young, S. (2010) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.c549 · Cited by 92
Non-pharmacological interventions for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) delivered in school settings: systematic reviews of quantitative and qualitative research
Richardson, M. A., Moore, D. A., Gwernan‐Jones, R., Coon, J. T., Ukoumunne, O. C., Rogers, M., Whear, R., Newlove-Delgado, T. V., Logan, S., Morris, C., et al. (2015) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta19450 · Cited by 112
“85% for girls, for a sample of over 10,000 children aged from 5 to 15 years in 1999.(15) Although a systematic review of research between 1978 and 2005 found no differences between European and US rates of ADHD,(13) more recent studies sampling parent reports found that in the USA between 2008 and 2010, 6.”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Beyond Optimal Performance: Mental Toughness Profiles and Developmental Success in Adolescent Cricketers
Gucciardi, D. F., & Jones, M. I. (2012) · Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsep.34.1.16 · Cited by 89
The prevalence and incidence, resource use and financial costs of treating people with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in the United Kingdom (1998 to 2010)
Holden, S. E., Jenkins‐Jones, S., Poole, C., Morgan, C. L., Coghill, D., & Currie, C. J. (2013) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/1753-2000-7-34 · Cited by 97
“9%, respectively, in children aged 5–15 years, using DSM-IV criteria [1].”
Method
A Model of Therapist Competencies for the Empirically Supported Cognitive Behavioral Treatment of Child and Adolescent Anxiety and Depressive Disorders
Sburlati, E. S., Schniering, C. A., Lyneham, H. J., & Rapee, R. M. (2011) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-011-0083-6 · Cited by 94
The Genetic Association Between ADHD Symptoms and Reading Difficulties: The Role of Inattentiveness and IQ
Paloyelis, Y., Rijsdijk, F. V., Wood, A. C., Asherson, P. J., & Kuntsi, J. (2010) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-010-9429-7 · Cited by 91
Psychiatric characterization of children with genetic causes of hyperandrogenism
Mueller, S. C., Ng, P., Sinaii, N., Leschek, E. W., Green-Golan, L., VanRyzin, C., Ernst, M., & Merke, D. P. (2010) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-10-0693 · Cited by 88
Assessment of music performance anxiety in late childhood: A validation study of the Music Performance Anxiety Inventory for Adolescents (MPAI-A).
Osborne, M. S., Kenny, D. T., & Holsomback, R. (2005) · International Journal of Stress Management · doi:10.1037/1072-5245.12.4.312 · Cited by 106
Post-traumatic stress disorder in Syrian children of a German refugee camp
Soykoek, S., Mall, V., Nehring, I., Henningsen, P., & Aberl, S. (2017) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(17)30595-0 · Cited by 86
The influence of prenatal intimate partner violence exposure on hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis reactivity and childhood internalizing and externalizing symptoms
Martinez‐Torteya, C., Bogat, G. A., Levendosky, A. A., & von Eye, A. (2015) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579415000280 · Cited by 88
Attachment Narratives and Behavioral and Emotional Symptoms in an Ethnically Diverse, At-Risk Sample
Futh, A., O’Connor, T. G., Matias, C., Green, J., & Scott, S. (2008) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e31816bff65 · Cited by 85
The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire Predicts Concurrent Mental Health Difficulties in a Transdiagnostic Sample of Struggling Learners
Bryant, A., Guy, J., The CALM Team, & Holmes, J. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.587821 · Cited by 102
International Epidemiology of Child and Adolescent Psychopathology I: Diagnoses, Dimensions, and Conceptual Issues
Achenbach, T. M., Rescorla, L. A., & Ivanova, M. Y. (2012) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2012.09.010 · Cited by 98
Children and adolescents referred for treatment of anxiety disorders: Differences in clinical characteristics
Waite, P., & Creswell, C. (2014) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.06.028 · Cited by 96
“…et al., 2000; Copeland et al., 2014; Costello, 2003) and increased rates of panic disorder, agoraphobia and obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) among both sexes (Costello et al., 2003; Ford et al., 2003), and social anxiety disorder and GAD in girls (Copeland et al., 2014; Costello et al., 2003).”
Prevalence of Psychiatric Disorders among Children and Adolescents in Northeast China
Xiaoli, Y., Jiang, C., Wen, P., Xu, W., Fang, L., Li, N., Mu, H., Na, J., Ming, L., An, X., et al. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0111223 · Cited by 85
“ADHD and behavior disorders, and between depression and some behavior disorders [20].”
BackgroundResultInfluential
The prevalence of DSM-IV psychiatric disorders among 7–10 year old Yemeni schoolchildren
Alyahri, A., & Goodman, R. (2007) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-007-0293-x · Cited by 85
“Although the previous validation of the DAWBA in Arabic did not examine ADHD diagnoses separately from other externalizing disorders [3], it is reassuring that the prevalence and gender ratio of ADHD in this study are in line with those reported by studies using the same measures in Brazil and Britain [12, 13], allowi…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citation
Emotional disorder and absence from school: findings from the 2004 British Child and Adolescent Mental Health Survey
Finning, K., Ford, T. J., Moore, D. A., & Ukoumunne, O. C. (2019) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-019-01342-4 · Cited by 102
Self-citation
Attachment Quality and Psychopathological Symptoms in Clinically Referred Adolescents: The Mediating Role of Early Maladaptive Schema
Roelofs, J., Onckels, L., & Muris, P. (2012) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-012-9589-x · Cited by 87
“The most frequently diagnosed disorders can be divided into two broad categories, namely emotional disorders such as anxiety disorders and depression, and behavioral disorders such as attention-deficit and disruptive behavior disorders (see also Ford et al. 2003).”
Background
Are ADHD Symptoms Associated With Delay Aversion or Choice Impulsivity? A General Population Study
Paloyelis, Y., Asherson, P., & Kuntsi, J. (2009) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e3181ab8c97 · Cited by 82
Drawing helps children to talk about their presenting problems during a mental health assessment
Woolford, J., Patterson, T., Macleod, E., Hobbs, L., & Hayne, H. (2013) · Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1359104513496261 · Cited by 89
Pregnancy diet and associated outcomes in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children
Emmett, P. M., Jones, L. R., & Golding, J. (2015) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuv053 · Cited by 86
“An experienced clinician combined all information about symptoms and their impact using a computerized heuristic to make standardized diagnoses of childhood psychiatric disorders.(71)”
Method
Functional somatic symptoms and associated impairment in 5–7-year-old children: the Copenhagen Child Cohort 2000
Rask, C. U., Olsen, E. M., Elberling, H., Christensen, M. F., Ørnbøl, E., Fink, P., Thomsen, P. H., & Skovgaard, A. M. (2009) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s10654-009-9366-3 · Cited by 82
“In the present study, the threshold for impairing FSS was determined by the following: (1) ‘a medium amount’ of distress and/or social impairment corresponding to the threshold in the DAWBA measures [ 21 ], and/or (2) hospitalisation and/or at least three doctors’ visits and/or (3) at least 1 week absence from day-car…”
Method
Preferential Transmission of Paternal Alleles at Risk Genes in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Hawi, Z., Segurado, R., Conroy, J., Sheehan, K., Lowe, N., Kirley, A., Shields, D. C., Fitzgerald, M., Gallagher, L., & Gill, M. (2005) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1086/498174 · Cited by 83
“77:958–965, 2005 958”
Influential
Group therapy for anxiety in children with autism spectrum disorder
McConachie, H., McLaughlin, E., Grahame, V., Taylor, H., Honey, E., Tavernor, L., Rodgers, J., Freeston, M., Hemm, C., Steen, N., et al. (2014) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361313488839 · Cited by 81
“Estimates for anxiety disorder in typically developing children range from 3% to 8% (Ford et al., 2003; Merikangas et al., 2010).”
Background
Psykiske lidelser i Norge : et folkehelseperspektiv
Mykletun, A., Knudsen, A. K., & Mathiesen, K. S. (2009) · NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives · Cited by 80
The effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of a mindfulness training programme in schools compared with normal school provision (MYRIAD): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial
the MYRIAD team, Kuyken, W., Nuthall, E., Byford, S., Crane, C., Dalgleish, T., Ford, T., Greenberg, M. T., Ukoumunne, O. C., Viner, R. M., et al. (2017) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-017-1917-4 · Cited by 77
“Such increased severity of early onset depression is also reflected in the fact that within child and adolescent samples, depression is often comorbid with other disorders; more than a third of these young people have a disruptive behavioural disorder, anxiety disorder or both [12, 13].”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Why cognitive performance in ADHD may not reveal true potential: Findings from a large population-based sample
KUNTSI, J., WOOD, A. C., VAN DER MEERE, J., & ASHERSON, P. (2009) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s135561770909081x · Cited by 80
“A 5% threshold was chosen to be comparable to estimated prevalence rates of ADHD in the United Kingdom of 4% for males and 1% for females (Ford et al., 2003 ) while also ensuring an adequate sample size for the analyses.”
Background
Youth meeting symptom and impairment criteria for mania‐like episodes lasting less than four days: an epidemiological enquiry
Stringaris, A. K., Santosh, P., Leibenluft, E., & Goodman, R. (2009) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2009.02129.x · Cited by 78
“DSM-IV diagnoses are assigned by integrating the parent, youth and teacher reports on symptoms and impairment as extensively described (Ford et al., 2003).”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citation
Observation of children with attention‐deficit hyperactivity (ADHD) problems in three natural classroom contexts
Lauth, G. W., Heubeck, B. G., & Mackowiak, K. (2006) · British Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1348/000709905x43797 · Cited by 80
Recent trends in UK child and adolescent mental health
Maughan, B., Collishaw, S., Meltzer, H., & Goodman, R. (2008) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-008-0310-8 · Cited by 80
Self-citation
The sleep patterns and problems of clinically anxious children
Hudson, J. L., Gradisar, M., Gamble, A. L., Schniering, C. A., & Rebelo, I. (2009) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2009.01.006 · Cited by 81
Assessing mental health in boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy: Emotional, behavioural and neurodevelopmental profile in an Italian clinical sample
Colombo, P., Nobile, M., Tesei, A., Civati, F., Gandossini, S., Mani, E., Molteni, M., Bresolin, N., & D’Angelo, M. G. (2017) · European Journal of Paediatric Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.ejpn.2017.02.007 · Cited by 80
Prevalence of major depressive disorder in children and adolescents in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Xu, D.-D., Rao, W.-W., Cao, X.-L., Wen, S.-Y., Che, W.-I., Ng, C. H., Ungvari, G. S., Du, Y., Zhang, L., & Xiang, Y.-T. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.07.083 · Cited by 74
Trajectories of anxiety in a population sample of children: Clarifying the role of children's behavioral characteristics and maternal parenting
Duchesne, S., Larose, S., Vitaro, F., & Tremblay, R. E. (2010) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579410000118 · Cited by 88
Prevalence and comorbidity of psychiatric disorders among 6-year-old children: 2004 Pelotas Birth Cohort
Petresco, S., Anselmi, L., Santos, I. S., Barros, A. J. D., Fleitlich‐Bilyk, B., Barros, F. C., & Matijasevich, A. (2014) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-014-0826-z · Cited by 78
“The prevalence of children who had one or more psychiatric comorbidities in our study is very similar to those observed in southeastern Brazil (21 %), England (22 %) and the United States of America (20 %) [11, 15, 38].”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Predictors of Change Following Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment of Children with Anxiety Problems: A Preliminary Investigation on Negative Automatic Thoughts and Anxiety Control
Muris, P., Mayer, B., den Adel, M., Roos, T., & van Wamelen, J. (2008) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-008-0116-7 · Cited by 83
“Recent epidemiological studies show that up to 5% of youths suffer from anxiety complaints that are severe enough to interfere with their daily functioning [1, 2].”
Background
Prognosis and Continuity of Child Mental Health Problems from Preschool to Primary School: Results of a Four-Year Longitudinal Study
Beyer, T., Postert, C., Müller, J. M., & Fürniss, T. (2012) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-012-0282-5 · Cited by 77
The prevalence of mental health problems in Ethiopian child laborers
Fekadu, D., Alem, A., & Hägglöf, B. (2006) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01617.x · Cited by 76
Associations between executive attention and objectively measured physical activity in adolescence: Findings from ALSPAC, a UK cohort
Booth, J. N., Tomporowski, P. D., Boyle, J. M. E., Ness, A., Joinson, C. J., Leary, S. D., & Reilly, J. J. (2013) · Mental health and physical activity · doi:10.1016/j.mhpa.2013.09.002 · Cited by 92
Screen-based sedentary behaviour and psychosocial well-being in childhood: Cross-sectional and longitudinal associations
Allen, M. S., & Vella, S. A. (2015) · Mental Health and Physical Activity · doi:10.1016/j.mhpa.2015.10.002 · Cited by 75
The impact of recurrent abdominal pain: predictors of outcome in a large population cohort
Ramchandani, P. G., Fazel, M. S., Stein, A. L., Wiles, N., & Hotopf, M. H. (2007) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2007.00291.x · Cited by 75
“This is a structured questionnaire that combines parental (usually mother) and teacher questionnaires to generate DSM-IV psychiatric diagnoses (13).”
Background
Screening for childhood mental health disorders using the S trengths and D ifficulties Q uestionnaire: the validity of multi‐informant reports
Johnson, S. J., Hollis, C. P., Marlow, N., Simms, V., & Dieter Wolke, C. (2014) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/dmcn.12360 · Cited by 75
The developmental mental-disorder histories of adults with posttraumatic stress disorder: A prospective longitudinal birth cohort study.
Koenen, K. C., Moffitt, T. E., Caspi, A., Gregory, A. M., Harrington, H., & Poulton, R. (2008) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.117.2.460 · Cited by 76
Emotional and behavioural problems in children with language impairments and children with autism spectrum disorders
Charman, T., Ricketts, J., Dockrell, J. E., Lindsay, G., & Palikara, O. (2014) · International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders · doi:10.1111/1460-6984.12116 · Cited by 86
“…and IQ and emotional and behavioural problems in our sample was not strong (with the exception of poor language abilities being associated with higher levels of problem in the ASD but not the LI group), and contrary to that seen in the general child psychopathology field (Ford et al., 2003).”
Attentional control and psychopathological symptoms in children
Muris, P., Mayer, B., van Lint, C., & Hofman, S. (2008) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2008.01.006 · Cited by 74
ADHD Prevalence in Spanish Preschoolers: Comorbidity, Socio-Demographic Factors, and Functional Consequences
Canals, J., Morales-Hidalgo, P., Jané, M., & Doménech, E. (2018) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054716638511 · Cited by 71
“, 2015; Willcutt, 2012) but higher than other international and national results in preschool samples, which report rates of 2% to 4% (Bufferd et al., 2011; Egger & Angold, 2006; Ezpeleta et al., 2014; Ford et al., 2003; Gudmundsson et al., 2013; Surén et al., 2012; Wichstrøm et al., 2012).”
Result
Reducing depression in 9-10 year old children in low SES schools: a longitudinal universal randomized controlled trial
Rooney, R., Hassan, S., Kane, R., Roberts, C. M., & Nesa, M. (2013) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2013.09.005 · Cited by 73
Psychological Adjustment and Asthma in Children and Adolescents: The UK Nationwide Mental Health Survey
Calam, R. M., Gregg, L., & Goodman, R. (2005) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.psy.0000151490.77622.37 · Cited by 73
Self-citation
Anxiety Disorders Among Children and Adolescents
Chiu, A. W., Falk, A. E., & Walkup, J. T. (2016) · FOCUS The Journal of Lifelong Learning in Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.focus.20150029 · Cited by 73
Neurodevelopmental disorders among Spanish school-age children: prevalence and sociodemographic correlates
Bosch, R., Pagerols, M., Rivas, C., Sixto, L., Bricollé, L., Español‐Martín, G., Prat, R., Ramos‐Quiroga, J. A., & Casas, M. (2021) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291720005115 · Cited by 74
Emotional and behavioural problems in Singaporean children based on parent, teacher and child reports.
Woo, B. S. C., Ng, T., Fung, D. S. S., Chan, Y. H., Lee, Y. P., Koh, J. B. K., & Cai, Y. (2007) · PubMed · Cited by 71
Testing sex-specific pathways from peer victimization to anxiety and depression in early adolescents through a randomized intervention trial
Vuijk, P., van Lier, P. A. C., Crijnen, A. A. M., & Huizink, A. C. (2006) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2006.11.003 · Cited by 71
“Prevalence rates of clinically elevated levels of anxiety and depression in children and early adolescents range from 2% to 4% (Costello et al., 2003; Ford et al., 2003).”
Background
The Validity of the DSM-IV Subtypes of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Woo, B. S. C., & Rey, J. M. (2005) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/j.1440-1614.2005.01580.x · Cited by 74
“Although prevalence of ADHD as a whole decreases with increasing age [7,47,48], prevalence of ADHD-I may increase [46].”
Background
Eating Problems and Overlap with ADHD and Autism Spectrum Disorders in a Nationwide Twin Study of 9‐ and 12‐Year‐Old Children
Råstam, M., Täljemark, J., Tajnia, A., Lundström, S., Gustafsson, P., Lichtenstein, P., Gillberg, C., Anckarsäter, H., & Kerekes, N. (2013) · The Scientific World Journal · doi:10.1155/2013/315429 · Cited by 70
Minor depression in adolescence: Phenomenology and clinical correlates
Sihvola, E., Keski‐Rahkonen, A., Dick, D. M., Pulkkinen, L., Rose, R. J., MARTTUNEN, M. J., & Kaprio, J. A. (2006) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2006.06.019 · Cited by 70
“Existing literature suggests a comorbid pattern of anxiety and depressive disorders (Axelson and Birmaher 2001; Essau, 2003), depression and conduct disorder (Ford et al., 2003) and oppositional defiant disorder and depression (Angold and Costello 1993).”
Influential
Screening for autism in preterm children: diagnostic utility of the Social Communication Questionnaire
Johnson, S. J., Hollis, C. P., Hennessy, E., Kochhar, P., Dieter Wolke, C., & Marlow, N. (2010) · Archives of Disease in Childhood · doi:10.1136/adc.2010.194795 · Cited by 71
German Validation of the Conners Adult ADHD Rating Scales–self-report (CAARS-S) I: Factor Structure and Normative Data
Christiansen, H., Kis, B., Hirsch, O., Philipsen, A., Henneck, M., Panczuk, A., Pietrowsky, R., Hebebrand, J., & Schimmelmann, B. G. (2011) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2009.12.024 · Cited by 76
“Prevalence rates show that more males than females are affected by ADHD [18,17,21], and females show significantly less disruptive behavior, but more internalizing problems such as depressive and anxiety symptoms that are closely related to poor self-concept [19].”
Background
Positive and negative expressions of shyness in toddlers: Are they related to anxiety in the same way?
Colonnesi, C., Napoleone, E., & Bögels, S. M. (2014) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0035561 · Cited by 73
Prevalence and characteristics of depressive disorders in early adolescents in central Norway
Sund, A. M., Larsson, B. S., & Wichstrøm, L. (2011) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/1753-2000-5-28 · Cited by 69
“Concern has also been raised in Europe [16] and in the USA [17] as to whether depressed adolescents in the general population have access to and receive proper mental health care.”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Chronic illness in childhood and early adolescence: A longitudinal exploration of co-occurring mental illness
Brady, A. M., Deighton, J., & Stansfeld, S. A. (2020) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579420000206 · Cited by 81
Heritability of Anxious-Depressive and Withdrawn Behavior
Lamb, D. J., Middeldorp, C. M., van Beijsterveldt, C. E. M., Bartels, M., van der Aa, N., Polderman, T. J. C., & Boomsma, D. I. (2010) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2009.11.014 · Cited by 69
“Coorbidity within anxiety disorders and comoridity of anxiety disorders with depression is requent in both children and adults.(7-11) Research uggests that this may be due to common, mostly enetic, risk factors.”
Rates of undiagnosed attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in London drug and alcohol detoxification units
Huntley, Z., Maltezos, S., Williams, C., Morinan, A., Hammon, A., Ball, D., Marshall, E. J., Keaney, F., Young, S., Bolton, P., et al. (2012) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-12-223 · Cited by 72
“6% [1].”
Dismantling the bidirectional relationship between paediatric sleep and anxiety
Leahy, E., & Gradisar, M. (2012) · Clinical Psychologist · doi:10.1111/j.1742-9552.2012.00039.x · Cited by 69
Depression in paediatric chronic fatigue syndrome
Bould, H., Collin, S. M., Lewis, G., Rimes, K. A., & Crawley, E. M. (2013) · Archives of Disease in Childhood · doi:10.1136/archdischild-2012-303396 · Cited by 68
“High rates of depression in CFS/ME suggest that it is important for clinicians to consider comorbid depression in children with a diagnosis of CFS/ME.”
Background

Authors: FORD, T., GOODMAN, R., & MELTZER, H.
Affiliations: King's College London (GB)
Office for National Statistics (GB)
ORCID: FORD, TAMSIN
GOODMAN, ROBERT
Venue: Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2003-10
Volume: 42
Issue: 10
Pages: 1203-1211
ISSN: 0890-8567 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1097/00004583-200310000-00011
OpenAlex: W2057670386
Cited by: 1,227
References: 37
Citations by year: 2026: 7 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 40 · 2020: 54 · 2019: 44 · 2018: 53 · 2017: 59 · 2016: 75 · 2015: 88 · 2014: 102 · 2013: 84 · 2012: 103
FWCI: 32.91
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
Leicester Research Archive (University of Leicester) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Wellcome Trust
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Keywords: child and adolescent mental health, DSM-IV disorders, prevalence, comorbidities, conduct disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, anxiety disorders, depression, oppositional defiant disorder, teacher reports, Development and Well-Being Assessment, school functioning
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Mental Disorders, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, United Kingdom, Health Surveys, Humans, Male, Mental Health, Social Behavior, Comorbidity, Prevalence, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

The British Child and Adolescent Mental Health Survey 1999: The Prevalence of DSM-IV Disorders

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks