Cited by 1,227Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentMental Health Treatment and AccessAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

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The British Child and Adolescent Mental Health Survey 1999: The Prevalence of DSM-IV Disorders

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FORD, TAMSIN, GOODMAN, ROBERT, MELTZER, HOWARD·2003·Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry

DOI 10.1097/00004583-200310000-00011

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Abstract

Objective To describe the prevalence of DSM-IV disorders and comorbidity in a large population-based sample of British children and adolescents.Method Using a one-phase design, 10,438 children were assessed using the Development and Well-Being Assessment (DAWBA), a structured interview with verbatim reports reviewed by clinicians so that information from parents, teachers, and children was combined in a manner that emulated the clinical process. The authors' analysis examined comorbidity and the influence of teacher reports.Results The overall prevalence of DSM-IV disorders was 9.5% (95% confidence interval 8.8-10.1%), but 2.1% of children were assigned "not otherwise specified" rather than operationalized diagnoses. After adjusting for the presence of a third disorder, there was no longer significant comorbidity between anxiety and conduct disorder or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), or between depression and oppositional defiant disorder. A comparison of the disorders in children with and without teacher reports suggested that the prevalence of conduct disorders and ADHD would be underestimated in the absence of teacher information.Conclusions Roughly 1 in 10 children have at least one DSM-IV disorder, involving a level of distress or social impairment likely to warrant treatment. Comorbidity reported between some childhood diagnoses may be due to the association of both disorders with a third. Diagnoses of conduct disorder and ADHD may be missed if information is not sought from teachers about children's functioning in school.

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Background
Cross-Country Differences in Parental Reporting of Symptoms of ADHD
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“pathology with onset before puberty (1,2,5,10,11,21).”
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“Similarly, Ford, Goodman, and Meltzer (2003) found comorbidity rates of 27% and 17% for depressive * Corresponding author at: Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, 314 Moore Building, University Park, PA 16802, United States.”
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Lifetime psychopathology among the offspring of Bipolar I parents
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Functional analysis of intron 8 and 3′ UTR variable number of tandem repeats of SLC6A3: differential activity of intron 8 variants
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Method
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“Anxiety disorders have been identified as among the most common psychological disorders of childhood (Cartwright-Hatton et al. 2006), with prevalence rates for GAD in children ranging from 0.7 % (Ford et al. 2003) to 2.8 % (Breton et al. 1999).”
BackgroundInfluential
Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder
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“The current findings concur with those of other investigators [20, 27, 32], indicating that comorbidity is evident among emotional or behavioral disorders, but also across these domains of disorder.”
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The Value of Conversation Analysis: A Child Psychiatrist’s Perspective
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“Each type of anxiety shows somewhat distinct symptomatology, yet there is strong comorbidity in childhood and adolescence based on multiple studies using comparison samples (Essau et al., 2000; Ford et al., 2003).”
Background
Working memory, negative affect and personal assets: How do they relate to mathematics and reading literacy?
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“As a result of this greater emphasis on disability most population based epidemiologic studies that used the DSM IV criteria observed much lower rates of child psychiatric disorder (ranging from 17% to 20%) than had been reported previously [8-12].”
Background
Evaluation and Treatment of Anxiety Disorders in the General Pediatric Population: A Clinician's Guide
Lyneham, H. J., & Rapee, R. M. (2005) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.chc.2005.05.002 · Cited by 22
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“As, in one study, a comparison of the disorders in children with and without teacher reports suggested that the prevalence of conduct disorders and ADHD would be underestimate in absence of teacher information (21).”
Parents Report on Stimulant-Treated Children in the Netherlands: Initiation of Treatment and Follow-Up Care
Faber, A., Kalverdijk, L. J., den Berg, L. T. W. D. J., Hugtenburg, J. G., Minderaa, R. B., & Tobi, H. (2006) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/cap.2006.16.432 · Cited by 23
“Of the children 28% had two or more psychiatric diagnoses, which is a low percentage compared to co-morbidity rates of over 50% reported elsewhere [21,22].”
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Self-citation
Mental disorders in referred 0–3-year-old children: a population-based study of incidence, comorbidity and perinatal risk factors
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Specialty knowledge and competency standards for pharmacotherapy for adult obsessive-compulsive disorder
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Major depressive disorder and subthreshold depression in prepubertal children from the Danish National Birth Cohort
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“The DAWBA is a diagnostic assessment that covers most current child psychopathology and is validated in several settings [48,52].”
Background
The structure of DSM-IV ADHD, ODD, and CD criteria in adolescent boys: A hierarchical approach
Bezdjian, S., Krueger, R. F., Derringer, J. L., Malone, S., McGue, M. K., & Iacono, W. G. (2011) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2011.02.027 · Cited by 26
“…defiant disorder (ODD; negativistic, defiant, disobedient, and hostile behavior directed at authority figures), and conduct disorder (CD; a continuing pattern of behavior resulting in the violation of the basic rights of others; Fergusson et al., 1993; Lahey and Loeber, 1997; Ford et al., 2003).”
Background
Short Stature: Psychosocial Interventions
Sandberg, D. E. (2011) · Hormone Research in Paediatrics · doi:10.1159/000330151 · Cited by 22

Authors: FORD, T., GOODMAN, R., & MELTZER, H.
Affiliations: King's College London (GB)
Office for National Statistics (GB)
ORCID: FORD, TAMSIN
GOODMAN, ROBERT
Venue: Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2003-10
Volume: 42
Issue: 10
Pages: 1203-1211
ISSN: 0890-8567 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1097/00004583-200310000-00011
OpenAlex: W2057670386
Cited by: 1,227
References: 37
Citations by year: 2026: 7 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 40 · 2020: 54 · 2019: 44 · 2018: 53 · 2017: 59 · 2016: 75 · 2015: 88 · 2014: 102 · 2013: 84 · 2012: 103
FWCI: 32.91
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
Leicester Research Archive (University of Leicester) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Wellcome Trust
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Keywords: child and adolescent mental health, DSM-IV disorders, prevalence, comorbidities, conduct disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, anxiety disorders, depression, oppositional defiant disorder, teacher reports, Development and Well-Being Assessment, school functioning
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Mental Disorders, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, United Kingdom, Health Surveys, Humans, Male, Mental Health, Social Behavior, Comorbidity, Prevalence, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

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The British Child and Adolescent Mental Health Survey 1999: The Prevalence of DSM-IV Disorders

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