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The British Child and Adolescent Mental Health Survey 1999: The Prevalence of DSM-IV Disorders
Open accessAbstract
Objective To describe the prevalence of DSM-IV disorders and comorbidity in a large population-based sample of British children and adolescents.Method Using a one-phase design, 10,438 children were assessed using the Development and Well-Being Assessment (DAWBA), a structured interview with verbatim reports reviewed by clinicians so that information from parents, teachers, and children was combined in a manner that emulated the clinical process. The authors' analysis examined comorbidity and the influence of teacher reports.Results The overall prevalence of DSM-IV disorders was 9.5% (95% confidence interval 8.8-10.1%), but 2.1% of children were assigned "not otherwise specified" rather than operationalized diagnoses. After adjusting for the presence of a third disorder, there was no longer significant comorbidity between anxiety and conduct disorder or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), or between depression and oppositional defiant disorder. A comparison of the disorders in children with and without teacher reports suggested that the prevalence of conduct disorders and ADHD would be underestimated in the absence of teacher information.Conclusions Roughly 1 in 10 children have at least one DSM-IV disorder, involving a level of distress or social impairment likely to warrant treatment. Comorbidity reported between some childhood diagnoses may be due to the association of both disorders with a third. Diagnoses of conduct disorder and ADHD may be missed if information is not sought from teachers about children's functioning in school.
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“the DSM diagnostic criteria for adolescent MDD have low diagnostic validity and specificity, resulting in unclear diagnostic boundaries especially with regard to generalized and social anxiety”
From Feasibility and preliminary efficacy of a novel RDoC-based treatment program for adolescent depression: "Training for Awareness Resilience and Action" (TARA)-A pilot study (2017) · cites this paper as [10]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Findings indicate that children exposed to early adverse childhood experiences in general [22] and more specifically children placed in foster care have a heightened risk of attachment difficulties [23,24].”
From Mental disorders in foster children: a study of prevalence, comorbidity and risk factors (2013) · cites this paper as [23]
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InfluentialSelf-reported strengths and difficulties in a large Norwegian population 10–19 years
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“It also indicates the need for further research on the extent to which comorbidity between disorders may be explained by the presence of other disorders ( Ford et al. 2003 ).”
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“It may be considered to be leaning toward the lower end, but this appears to be the trend when an impairment criterion is applied [7, 11, 12 , 34].”
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“…the adolescent to young adult period, though this may be preceded by childhood emotional and behavioural disturbances (Brady & Kendall, 1992 ; Kaufman & Charney, 2000 ; Costello et al. 2003 ; Essau, 2003, 2008 ; Ford et al. 2003 ; Rutter et al. 2006 ; Boeing et al. 2007 ; Zahn-Waxler et al. 2008).”
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The Incidence of Autism in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1976-1997
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“…er , re ta li at io n o r ab an d o n m en t ‘I fi n d it v er y d if fi cu lt to st an d u p fo r m y ri g h ts an d in si st th at m y fe el in g s ar e ta k en in to co n si d er at io n ’ between psychological disorders seems to be the rule rather than the exception (see e.g. Ford et al. 2003).”
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“2% in 1999 and 2005 (55, 56), with more recent estimates of 1.”
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“Depression and anxiety are common in children and adolescents (Costello, Mustillo, Erkanli, Keller and Angold, 2003; Ford, Goodman and Meltzer, 2003).”
BackgroundSubstance Use in College Students With ADHD
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“Our finding on comorbidity between ADHD and alcohol abuse has also been reported previously [6], as has multiple comorbidities [14].”
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Self-citationThe Metacognitive Model of Generalized Anxiety Disorder in Children and Adolescents
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“Point prevalence rates for GAD in children and adolescents have been reported to range from 0.16% ( Ford et al. 2003 ) to 11.1% (Boyle et al. 1993).”
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“ADHD affects around 3-4% of UK children [1] and has a wide-ranging and detrimental impact on the wellbeing of individuals who may have a range of clinical, neuropsychological and psychosocial problems [2].”
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“The response rate was satisfactory in comparisons with studies that report it, higher than several (Ford, Goodman, and Meltzer, 2003; Heiervang et al., 2007), comparable to others (Merikangas, He, Burstein , et al., 2010), and lower than some (Fleitlich- Bilyk & Goodman, 2004).”
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“Nonetheless, a large British epidemiological statistic (Ford et al., 2003) reported that only 0.”
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“7% in 10,438 British children aged 5–15 years [11]; 8.”
BackgroundUse of ADHD drugs in the Nordic countries: a population-based comparison study
Zoëga, H., Furu, K., Halldórsson, M., Thomsen, P. H., Sourander, A., & Martikainen, J. E. (2010) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2010.01607.x · Cited by 107
“ADHD has the highest prevalence among 9 to 14 -yearold children, and it is three to four times more common among boys than girls (32, 33).”
BackgroundIs Poor Working Memory a Transdiagnostic Risk Factor for Psychopathology?
Huang‐Pollock, C. L., Shapiro, Z. R., Galloway-Long, H., & Weigard, A. (2016) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-016-0219-8 · Cited by 119
“Externalizing Comorbidity among mental health disorders is the rule (Angold et al. 1999; Costello et al. 2003; Ford et al. 2003; Kessler et al. 2005; Merikangas et al. 2010), and it is neither the result of methodological artifacts (e.g., referral bias or halo effects), nor of artifacts in our…”
Mohammadi, M. R., Ahmadi, N., Khaleghi, A., Mostafavi, S., Kamali, K., Rahgozar, M., Ahmadi, A., Hooshyari, Z., Alavi, S. S., Molavi, P., et al. (2019) · Iranian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.18502/ijps.v14i1.418 · Cited by 111
“(24) reported the overall prevalence of DSM-IV disorders of 9.”
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Epidemiology of child traumatic stress
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Psychiatric Disorders in Youth With Perinatally Acquired Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection
Mellins, C. A., Brackis‐Cott, E., Dolezal, C. L., & Abrams, E. J. (2006) · The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal · doi:10.1097/01.inf.0000217372.10385.2a · Cited by 106
“Child age (in years) 9–10 13 (28) 11–13 20 (43) 14–16 14 (29) Child gender Male 25 (53) Female 22 (47) Child race African American 39 (83) Hispanic 7 (15) Other 1 (2) Diagnosis disclosed to child 36 (77) Child CD4 500 24 (51) 200–500 19 (40) 200 4 (9) Child viral load 0– 400 14 (30) 400–10,000 20 (43) 10,001–100,000 9…”
Frequency and Patterns of Eating Disorder Symptoms in Early Adolescence
Micali, N., Ploubidis, G. B., Stavola, B. L. D., Simonoff, E. A., & Treasure, J. L. (2013) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.10.200 · Cited by 115
“13 Psychopathology: emotional and behavioral disorders 14 At the same time-point parents completed a questionnaire version of the DAWBA for all other 15 mental health disorders: as described above the DAWBA is a validated instrument to assess 16 psychopathology in children and adolescents[10,11].”
MethodFord, T. J. (2008) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.01927.x · Cited by 107
“(Ford et al., 2003b).”
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- FORD, T., GOODMAN, R., & MELTZER, H.
- Affiliations
- King's College London (GB)
- Office for National Statistics (GB)
- Venue
- Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2003-10
- Volume
- 42
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 1203-1211
- ISSN
- 0890-8567 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2057670386
- Cited by
- 1,227
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 40 · 2020: 54 · 2019: 44 · 2018: 53 · 2017: 59 · 2016: 75 · 2015: 88 · 2014: 102 · 2013: 84 · 2012: 103
- FWCI
- 32.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- Leicester Research Archive (University of Leicester) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Keywords
- child and adolescent mental health, DSM-IV disorders, prevalence, comorbidities, conduct disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, anxiety disorders, depression, oppositional defiant disorder, teacher reports, Development and Well-Being Assessment, school functioning
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Mental Disorders, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, United Kingdom, Health Surveys, Humans, Male, Mental Health, Social Behavior, Comorbidity, Prevalence, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
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