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Changes in Emotional Responses to Aversive Pictures Across Periods Rich in Slow-Wave Sleep Versus Rapid Eye Movement Sleep
Abstract
Objective Since Freud's "Interpretation of Dreams," sleep has been related to emotional functions, where dreams were assumed to play a cathartic role. In psychophysiological research, this role was attributed mainly to rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. The present study compared processing pictures with negative emotional impact over intervals covering either early sleep dominated by slow-wave sleep (SWS) or late REM sleep-dominated sleep. Method Emotional reactions were assessed by a nonverbal rating procedure along the two emotional dimensions valence (positive vs. negative) and arousal (low vs. high). Two groups of healthy men were tested across 3-hour periods of early and late nocturnal sleep (sleep group) or corresponding intervals filled with wakefulness (wake group). After the intervals, subjects rated new pictures together with old pictures already presented before the interval. Sleep was recorded polysomnographically. Results As expected, the amount of REM sleep was about three times greater during late than early nocturnal sleep, whereas a reversed distribution was observed for SWS (p Conclusions Indicating a priming-like enhancement of emotional reactivity after periods rich in REM sleep, results do not confirm a cathartic function of REM sleep or sleep in general.
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“While these studies quite compellingly showed that declarative memory for neutral materials is enhanced by SWS, emotional declarative memories appear to additionally benefit from REM-rich late sleep (1273, 1274).”
From About Sleep's Role in Memory (2013) · cites this paper as [1273]
In the citing paper
“While these studies quite compellingly showed that declarative memory for neutral materials is enhanced by SWS, emotional declarative memories appear to additionally benefit from REM-rich late sleep (1273, 1274).”
From About Sleep's Role in Memory (2013) · cites this paper as [1273]
In the citing paper
“With respect to emotional reactivity, one study showed that REM sleep-rich sleep amplified subjectively experienced aversion to previously viewed emotional pictures (1273).”
From About Sleep's Role in Memory (2013) · cites this paper as [1273]
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“Correspondingly, Wagner et al. (2002) reported an enhancement in negative ratings of familiar affective picture stimuli following late-night sleep, compared to early sleep and wake periods.”
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Declarative memory consolidation: mechanisms acting during human sleep
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“This and related studies (Wagner et al. 2002) have led to the suggestion that REM sleep enhances emotional memories.”
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“Given that initial emotionality for targets and foils was similar (based on a preliminary study), we compared Session 2 ratings for targets (old stimuli) and foils (new stimuli), a measure of sleepdependent emotional processing used previously (Wagner et al., 2002).”
Social interactions, emotion and sleep: A systematic review and research agenda
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“In a further study, participants rated emotional stimuli as more negative across late sleep compared to early sleep (Wagner et al., 2002).”
BackgroundREM Sleep Instability – A New Pathway for Insomnia?
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“Wagner et al. (2002) used the approach of splitting the night into early SWS-rich and late REM-rich periods of retention sleep, and affective responses were assessed by subjective ratings of the pictures’ valence (i.e. positive to negative) and arousal (i.e. degree of excitement).”
MethodResultRichards, A. L., Kanady, J. C., & Neylan, T. C. (2019) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-019-0486-5 · Cited by 217
“On the other hand, several studies reported findings indicating that REMS in healthy subjected either heightened, or did not affect, the emotional tone associated with memories [15, 226, 228, 229].”
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Enhanced emotional reactivity after selective REM sleep deprivation in humans: an fMRI study
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“First, Wagner et al. (2002) assessed emotional reactivity by subjective evaluation, which may not be directly comparable to the motor defensive response used here.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialThe impact of sleep loss on hippocampal functionPreprint
Prince, T.-M. N., & Abel, T. G. (2013) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.031674.113 · Cited by 149
“For instance, REM sleep has been shown to be important for emotional declarative memories (Wagner et al. 2001; Wagner 2002).”
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A role for sleep in brain plasticity
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Sleep and the processing of emotions
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“Notwithstanding, an emotional unbinding process spanning over several nights of sleep might explain why other studies failed to observe an overnight decrease in self-reported emotional reactivity when tested after one night of sleep only (e.g., Baran et al. 2012; Wagner et al. 2002; Groch et al. 2013), actually reflec…”
BackgroundResultEffects of Cortisol Suppression on Sleep-Associated Consolidation of Neutral and Emotional Memory
Wagner, U., Degirmenci, M., Drosopoulos, S., Perras, B., & Born, J. (2005) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.05.008 · Cited by 119
Self-citationSleep in children enhances preferentially emotional declarative but not procedural memories
Prehn-Kristensen, A., Göder, R., Chirobeja, S., Breßmann, I., Ferstl, R., & Baving, L. (2009) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2009.01.005 · Cited by 117
Napping promotes inter-session habituation to emotional stimuli
Pace-Schott, E. F., Shepherd, E., Spencer, R. M. C., Marcello, M., Tucker, M., Propper, R. E., & Stickgold, R. (2011) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2010.10.006 · Cited by 109
“Sample size was estimated from subjective data in Wagner et al. (2002) in which early-night sleep vs. wake difference was a trend with an effect size of d = 0.81 that would require 25 subjects to detect a difference at alpha = 0.05 with 80% power.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialA Review of the Relationship Between Emotional Learning and Memory, Sleep, and PTSD
Colvonen, P. J., Straus, L. D., Acheson, D. T., & Gehrman, P. (2019) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-019-0987-2 · Cited by 113
Memory consolidation during sleep: Interactive effects of sleep stages and HPA regulation: Review
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“2006) and also modulates emotional reactivity towards negatively valenced stimuli (Wagner et al. 2002).”
BackgroundSelf-citationSleep’s effects on cognition and learning in adolescence
Carskadon, M. A. (2011) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-53817-8.00008-6 · Cited by 116
Wiesner, C. D., Pulst, J., Krause, F., Elsner, M., Baving, L., Pedersen, A., Prehn‐Kristensen, A., & Göder, R. (2015) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2015.02.008 · Cited by 111
Sleep and emotional memory processing
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Poor Sleep Quality Predicts Deficient Emotion Information Processing over Time in Early Adolescence
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Cunningham, T. J., Crowell, C. R., Alger, S. E., Kensinger, E. A., Villano, M. A., Mattingly, S. M., & Payne, J. D. (2014) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2014.06.002 · Cited by 99
“Although a general depotentiation effect falls in line with theories of diminished reactivity following sleep, it does not support studies reporting a potentiation or protection of reactivity over sleep (e.g. Baran et al., 2012; Lara-Carrasco et al., 2009; Wagner et al., 2002).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialContribution of norepinephrine to emotional memory consolidation during sleep
Groch, S., Wilhelm, I., Diekelmann, S., Sayk, F., Gais, S., & Born, J. (2011) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.03.006 · Cited by 93
Effect of Conditioned Stimulus Exposure during Slow Wave Sleep on Fear Memory Extinction in Humans
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Sleep and dreaming are for important matters
Perogamvros, L., Dang-Vu, T. T., Desseilles, M., & Schwartz, S. (2013) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00474 · Cited by 77
“…characterized by an increased depressive score in the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (McNamara et al., 2010) and an enhanced aversive reactivity toward familiar affective stimuli (Wagner et al., 2002; Lara-Carrasco et al., 2009) [but see also (Gujar et al., 2011a; Van Der Helm et al., 2011)].”
BackgroundRipples Make Waves: Binding Structured Activity and Plasticity in Hippocampal Networks
Sadowski, J. H. L. P., Jones, M. W., & Mellor, J. R. (2011) · Neural Plasticity · doi:10.1155/2011/960389 · Cited by 84
Nocturnal Mnemonics: Sleep and Hippocampal Memory Processing
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“(Gais et al., 2000; Wagner et al., 2001; Wagner et al., 2002; Gais and Born, 2004; Fischer et al., 2011).”
Psychological Effect of an Analogue Traumatic Event Reduced by Sleep Deprivation
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“2012), or both before and after a period of sleep either in early or late in the night (Wagner et al., 2002; Groch et al., 2013).”
BackgroundChanges in Cardiac Variability after REM Sleep Deprivation in Recurrent Nightmares
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Signs of REM sleep dependent enhancement of implicit face memory: a repetition priming study
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“To control for possible influences of the pituitaryadrenal stress system on sleep-related memory formation (Plihal et al., 1999), cortisol levels were assessed in saliva samples obtained immediately before and after each 3-h interval as described previously (Wagner et al., 2002).”
MethodSelf-citationOvernight neuronal plasticity and adaptation to emotional distress
Cabrera, Y., Koymans, K. J., Poe, G. R., Kessels, H. W. H. G., Someren, E. J. W. V., & Wassing, R. (2024) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41583-024-00799-w · Cited by 68
“During REM sleep , instead of being”
Werner, G. G., Schabus, M., Blechert, J., Kolodyazhniy, V., & Wilhelm, F. H. (2015) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.12404 · Cited by 62
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“Contrarily however, enhanced emotional reactivity and increased negative valence ratings for emotional pictures were reported after late-night sleep periods rich in REM sleep [18].”
BackgroundREM sleep and memory reorganization: Potential relevance for psychiatry and psychotherapy
Landmann, N., Kühn, M., Maier, J.-G., Spiegelhalder, K., Baglioni, C., Frase, L., Riemann, D. W., Sterr, A., & Nissen, C. (2015) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2015.01.004 · Cited by 59
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The Role of Sleep in Human Declarative Memory Consolidation
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“An additional experiment found that after a total night of sleep, there was also a shift toward increased aversiveness, comparable to that seen after the late-night REM-rich sleep (Wagner et al. 2002).”
ResultSleep and intrusive memories immediately after a traumatic event in emergency department patients
Porcheret, K., Iyadurai, L., Bonsall, M. B., Goodwin, G. M., Beer, S., Darwent, M., & Holmes, E. A. (2020) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsaa033 · Cited by 45
Role of sleep for encoding of emotional memory
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Memory Processing in Relation to Sleep
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Targeted memory reactivation in REM but not SWS selectively reduces arousal responses
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Sleep divergently affects cognitive and automatic emotional response in children
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Sleep deprivation affects reactivity to positive but not negative stimuli
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“The current results differ from previous findings that suggest responses to aversive pictures are most vulnerable to the effects of sleep deprivation (Wagner et al., 2002; Franzen et al., 2008; Franzen et al., 2009).”
ResultMemory Consolidation during Sleep: Role of Cortisol Feedback
BORN, J., & WAGNER, U. (2004) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1314.020 · Cited by 51
Self-citationGroch, S., Preiss, A., McMakin, D. L., Rasch, B., Walitza, S., Huber, R., & Wilhelm, I. (2017) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1912-16.2017 · Cited by 43
“SAM is a nonverbal instrument for the assessment of emotional responses to a stimulus found to be suitable for this purpose in previous studies using International Affective Picture System pictures (Hamm et al., 1993; Wagner et al., 2002; Groch et al., 2013).”
MethodMild Traumatic Brain Injury Chronically Impairs Sleep- and Wake-Dependent Emotional Processing
Mantua, J., Henry, O. S., Garskovas, N. F., & Spencer, R. M. C. (2017) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsx062 · Cited by 38
The impact of five nights of sleep restriction on emotional reactivity
Tempesta, D., Salfi, F., Gennaro, L. D., & Ferrara, M. (2020) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.13022 · Cited by 37
“Indeed, Wagner, Fischer, and Born (2002) suggested that sleep increases emotional reactivity, showing that subjective ratings of the negative valence following late sleep were more negative for pictures viewed before sleep compared to new, unfamiliar pictures.”
BackgroundNielsen, T., O’Reilly, C., Carr, M., Dumel, G., Godin, I., Solomonova, E., Lara-Carrasco, J., Blanchette‐Carrière, C., & Paquette, T. (2014) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2014.09.007 · Cited by 37
Paré, D., & Headley, D. B. (2023) · Neurobiology of Stress · doi:10.1016/j.ynstr.2023.100529 · Cited by 42
“…Paré and D.B. Headley Neurobiology of Stress 24 (2023) 100529 scripts (Wagner et al., 2001) and images (Hu et al., 2006; Nishida et al., 2009; Wagner et al., 2002), and to the recall (Kumar and Jha, 2012) and extinction of conditioned fear responses (Fu et al., 2007; Pace-Schott et al.,…”
BackgroundAi, S., Chen, J., Liu, J., He, J., Xue, Y.-X., Bao, Y., Han, F., Tang, X., Lü, L., & Shi, J. (2015) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2015.06.005 · Cited by 35
Werner, G. G., Schabus, M., Blechert, J., & Wilhelm, F. H. (2020) · Behavioral Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1080/15402002.2020.1713134 · Cited by 38
“(used in many studies), REM sleep has been linked with increased emotional responses when measured directly after sleep (e.g., Gilson et al., 2015; Lara-Carrasco et al., 2009; Wagner et al., 2002), whereas at least three hours after awakening from sleep, REM sleep (versus no REM sleep) has”
BackgroundMethodTargeted Memory Reactivation During REM Sleep in Patients With Social Anxiety Disorder
Borghese, F., Henckaerts, P., Guy, F., Mayo, C., Delplanque, S., Schwartz, S., & Perogamvros, L. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.904704 · Cited by 33
“Thus, REM sleep would not strengthen the emotional tone of memories (Baran et al., 2012; Jones & Spencer, 2019; Wagner et al., 2002; Werner et al., 2015), but might instead consolidate negative memories while attenuating their emotional tone (Cunningham et al.”
BackgroundPorcheret, K., der Kloet, D. V. H., Goodwin, G. M., Foster, F., Wulff, K., & Holmes, E. A. (2019) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-019-0403-z · Cited by 31
Sleep Preserves Physiological Arousal in Emotional Memory
Ashton, J. E., Harrington, M. O., Guttesen, A. Á. V., Smith, A. K., & Cairney, S. A. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-42478-2 · Cited by 37
Sleep's benefits to emotional processing emerge in the long term
Bolinger, E., Cunningham, T. J., Payne, J. D., Bowman, M. A., Bulca, E., Jan Born, A., & Zinke, K. (2019) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2019.07.008 · Cited by 33
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How Emotional Arousal Enhances Episodic Memory
Baraly, K. T. A., Hot, P., Davidson, P. S. R., & Talmi, D. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-809324-5.21051-1 · Cited by 32
“While sleep deprivation has myriad implications, REM-sleep may be particularly important to these changes in neural responses.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialPolta, S., Fenzl, T., Jakubcakova, V., Kimura, M., Yassouridis, A., & Wotjak, C. T. (2013) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2013.00060 · Cited by 31
“Also, REMS has been proposed to play a role in re-processing emotional information and stabilizing emotional reactivity (Horne, 2000; Wagner, 2002; Walker, 2009; Walker and van der Helm, 2009; Gujar et al., 2011; van der Helm et al., 2011; Baran et al., 2012; Groch et al., 2012).”
BackgroundLong lasting alteration in REM sleep of female rats submitted to long maternal separation
Tiba, P. A., Tufik, S., & Suchecki, D. (2008) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.10.001 · Cited by 27
“In clinical studies, there have been attempts to associate personality features and coping style with changes in REM sleep patternafterdisturbingevents[42, 43 ]Unfortunately,nodefinitive conclusions have been reached.”
BackgroundSleep and Affective Brain Regulation
van der Helm, E., & Walker, M. P. (2012) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2012.00464.x · Cited by 27
Emotional Modulation of Pain and Spinal Nociception in Persons with Severe Insomnia Symptoms
DelVentura, J. L., Terry, E. L., Bartley, E. J., & Rhudy, J. L. (2013) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12160-013-9551-1 · Cited by 25
Glosemeyer, R. W., Diekelmann, S., Cassel, W., Kesper, K., Koehler, U., Westermann, S., Steffen, A., Borgwardt, S., Wilhelm, I., Müller‐Pinzler, L., et al. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-74169-8 · Cited by 27
Ballot, O., Daviaux, Y., Sanz-Arigita, E. J., Ivers, H., Micoulaud-Franchi, J. A., Bioulac, S., Philip, P., Morin, C. M., & Altena, E. (2021) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2021.10.014 · Cited by 22
Interactions between Sleep and Emotions in Humans and Animal Models
Lefter, R. M., Cojocariu, R. O., Ciobica, A. S., Balmuș, I.-M., Mavroudis, I. A., & Kis, A. (2022) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina58020274 · Cited by 25
“In addition, considering that differences between early and late-night REM sleep were previously described [18], Khan et al.”
BackgroundTo sleep or not to sleep – Effects on memory in normal aging and disease
Kroeger, D., & Vetrivelan, R. (2023) · Aging Brain · doi:10.1016/j.nbas.2023.100068 · Cited by 28
“If, as several reports indicate, REM sleep serves to enhance emotional memories during sleep [289,290], then it might be reasonable in certain circumstances to advocate for REM sleep deprivation as a therapeutic tool after traumatic events to prevent these memories from being strengthened [291].”
BackgroundDenis, D., Kim, S. Y., Kark, S. M., Daley, R. T., Kensinger, E. A., & Payne, J. D. (2021) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.15132 · Cited by 25
Sleep benefits emotional and neutral associative memories equally
Lehmann, M., Seifritz, E., & Rasch, B. (2016) · Somnologie - Schlafforschung und Schlafmedizin · doi:10.1007/s11818-015-0034-4 · Cited by 23
“Evidence for this model is somewhat inconsistent, as studies have reported the role of sleep indepotentiation[4, 24], but also theprotection [2, 9] or even potentiation [18, 31] of emotional reactivity to arousing stimuli.”
ResultHuman Studies of Sleep and Off-line Memory Reprocessing
Stickgold, R. (2003) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198574002.003.0003 · Cited by 23
Lerner, I., Lupkin, S. M., Corter, J. E., Peters, S. E., Cannella, L. A., & Gluck, M. A. (2016) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2016.07.032 · Cited by 20
“In contrast, Wagner et al. (2002) found REM sleep to intensify the perceived negativity of negative stimuli.”
BackgroundSleep and the generalization of fear learning
Davidson, P., Carlsson, I., Jönsson, P., & Johansson, M. (2015) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.12339 · Cited by 20
“Furthermore, sleep has been found to both increase (Pace-Schott et al., 2011) and decrease (Baran et al., 2012; Wagner et al., 2002) intersession habituation to negative images.”
BackgroundSleep preserves subjective and sympathetic emotional response of memories
Jones, B. J., & Spencer, R. M. C. (2019) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2019.107096 · Cited by 20
“Preservation or strengthening of valence and arousal ratings has been linked to REM sleep (Baran et al., 2012, Lara-Carrasco et al., 2009, Wagner et al., 2002).”
BackgroundResultDavidson, P., & Pace-Schott, E. F. (2021) · Current Sleep Medicine Reports · doi:10.1007/s40675-020-00200-z · Cited by 22
Sleep selectively stabilizes contextual aspects of negative memories
Cox, R., van Bronkhorst, M. L. V., Bayda, M., Gomillion, H., Cho, E., Parr, E., Manickas-Hill, O. P., Schapiro, A. C., & Stickgold, R. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-35999-9 · Cited by 22
Griffith, E. L., Jin, L., Contractor, A. A., Slavish, D. C., & Vujanovic, A. A. (2022) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.06.052 · Cited by 18
Neural Dynamics of Emotional Salience Processing in Response to Voices during the Stages of Sleep
Chen, C., Sung, J., & Cheng, Y. (2016) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00117 · Cited by 18
“Nocturnal sleep rich in REM sleep had a priming-like enhancement of emotional reactivity (Wagner et al., 2002).”
BackgroundRoles of Early and Late Nocturnal Sleep for the Consolidation of Human Memories
Jan Born, A., & Gais, S. (2003) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198574002.003.0004 · Cited by 18
Sleep’s role in updating aversive autobiographical memories
Azza, Y., Wilhelm, F. H., Seifritz, E., Junghanns, K., Kleim, B., & Wilhelm, I. (2022) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-022-01878-1 · Cited by 18
“More specifically, some studies reported that sleep decreases [20, 21], or even increases [22] the emotional tone as measured by both subjective ratings and physiological response (i.”
BackgroundZink, N., & Pietrowsky, R. (2015) · International journal of dream research · doi:10.11588/ijodr.2015.1.17811 · Cited by 17
Murdoch, M., Partin, M. R., Vang, D., & Kehle‐Forbes, S. (2018) · Journal of Empirical Research on Human Research Ethics · doi:10.1177/1556264618810302 · Cited by 16
Pesonen, A., Koskinen, M.-K., Vuorenhela, N., Halonen, R., Mäkituuri, S., Selin, M., Luokkala, S., Suutari, A., & Hovatta, I. (2024) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105714 · Cited by 19
“Also, in healthy participants, the evidence for the dissipation of affective load in sleep is not without controversies, as decreases in emotional reactivity have not been observed in all studies (Wagner et al., 2002, Baran et al., 2012).”
ResultMemory Processing in Relation to Sleep
Peigneux, P., Fogel, S. M., & Smith, C. T. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-24288-2.00022-2 · Cited by 17
Emotional Memory Consolidation During Sleep
Cunningham, T. J., & Payne, J. D. (2017) · Studies in neuroscience, psychology and behavioral economics · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-45066-7_9 · Cited by 15
Metadata
- Authors
- Wagner, U.
- Affiliations
- University of Lübeck (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Wagner, U.
- ORCID
- Wagner, U.
- Venue
- Psychosomatic Medicine
- Published
- 2002-07-01
- Volume
- 64
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 627-634
- ISSN
- 0033-3174 (ISSN-L)
- 1534-7796
- OpenAlex
- W2013586907
- Cited by
- 152
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 1.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychosomatic Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Neuroscience of respiration and sleep
- Keywords
- REM sleep, slow-wave sleep, emotional reactivity, valence, arousal, sleep and emotion, catharsis, dream function
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Affect, Electroencephalography, Electromyography, Electrooculography, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Judgment, Male, Nonverbal Communication, Pituitary-Adrenal System, Surveys and Questionnaires, Random Allocation, Saliva, Semantics, Sleep, Sleep, REM, Visual Perception, Polysomnography
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