Factors associated with the psychological impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome on nurses and other hospital workers in Toronto
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: A survey was conducted to measure psychological stress in hospital workers and measure factors that may have mediated acute traumatic responses. METHODS: A self-report survey was completed by 1557 healthcare workers at three Toronto hospitals in May and June 2003. Psychological stress was measured with the Impact of Event Scale. Scales representing attitudes to the outbreak were derived by factor analysis of 76 items probing attitudes to severe acute respiratory syndrome. The association of Impact of Event Scale scores to job role and contact with severe acute respiratory syndrome patients was tested by analysis of variance. Between-group differences in attitudinal scales were tested by multivariate analysis of variance. Attitudinal scales were tested as factors mediating the association of severe acute respiratory syndrome patient contact and job role with total Impact of Event Scale by linear regression. RESULTS: Higher Impact of Event Scale scores are found in nurses and healthcare workers having contact with patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome. The relationship of these groups to the Impact of Event Scale score is mediated by three factors: health fear, social isolation, and job stress. CONCLUSIONS: Although distress in response to the severe acute respiratory syndrome outbreak is greater in nurses and those who care for patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome, these relationships are explained by mediating variables that may be available for interventions to reduce stress in future outbreaks. In particular, the data suggest that the targets of intervention should include job stress, social isolation, and health fear.
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Lack of specialised training was a risk factor for burnout among healthcare workers during viral outbreaks.
“and burnout (Maunder et al., 2004).”
From Impact of viral epidemic outbreaks on mental health of healthcare workers: a rapid systematic review and meta-analysis (2020) · cites this paper as Maunder et al., 2004
Higher perception of threat and risk was associated with PTSD among healthcare workers during viral outbreaks.
“and PTSD (Maunder et al., 2004; Styra et al., 2008; Wu et al., 2009).”
From Impact of viral epidemic outbreaks on mental health of healthcare workers: a rapid systematic review and meta-analysis (2020) · cites this paper as Maunder et al., 2004
Lack of specialized training and higher perception of threat and risk are modifiable factors that can be addressed in advance to mitigate mental health risks among healthcare workers during viral outbreaks.
“However, this review also identified specific modifiable factors that can be addressed in advance and mitigate the risk brought by the aforementioned factors. Lack of specialized training was associated with anxiety, PTSD (Tang et al., 2017), and burnout (Maunder et al., 2004), and higher perception of threat and risk was associated with depression (Liu et al., 2012), anxiety (Alsubaie et al., 201”
From Impact of viral epidemic outbreaks on mental health of healthcare workers: a rapid systematic review and meta-analysis (2020) · cites this paper as Maunder et al., 2004
Job stress was a risk factor for PTSD among healthcare workers during viral outbreaks.
“Other occupational risk factors for PTSD were job stress (Maunder et al., 2004), and less job experience (Tang et al., 2017)”
From Impact of viral epidemic outbreaks on mental health of healthcare workers: a rapid systematic review and meta-analysis (2020) · cites this paper as Maunder et al., 2004
Managers play an essential role in reducing social isolation among healthcare workers.
“Likewise, managers are essential to mitigate feelings of social isolation (Lee et al., 2018; Maunder et al., 2004)”
From Impact of viral epidemic outbreaks on mental health of healthcare workers: a rapid systematic review and meta-analysis (2020) · cites this paper as Maunder et al., 2004
Large-scale disease epidemics cause severe and enduring emotional stress in frontline HCWs.
“Large-scale disease epidemics pose various challenges to individuals of all ages and cultures but the emotional stress experienced by frontline health care workers (HCWs) is severe, and can be enduring (Tam et al., 2004; Maunder et al., 2004; Lancee et al., 2008).”
From The psychological impact of COVID-19 and other viral epidemics on frontline healthcare workers and ways to address it: A rapid systematic review (2020) · cites this paper as Maunder et al., 2004
Eight studies compared doctors and nurses.
“Eight studies compared doctors and nurses (Tam et al., 2004; Maunder et al., 2004; Lung et al., 2009; Lai et al., 2020; Liu et al., 2020b; Korkmaz et al., 2020; Wong et al., 2005; Chan et al., 2005).”
From The psychological impact of COVID-19 and other viral epidemics on frontline healthcare workers and ways to address it: A rapid systematic review (2020) · cites this paper as Maunder et al., 2004
One study (Maunder et al., 2004) reported higher distress for nurses and those with direct contact with infected patients.
“Of these, one study (Maunder et al., 2004) reported higher distress for nurses and those with direct contact with infected patients.”
From The psychological impact of COVID-19 and other viral epidemics on frontline healthcare workers and ways to address it: A rapid systematic review (2020) · cites this paper as Maunder et al., 2004
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- Authors
- Maunder, R. G., Lancee, W. J., Rourke, S., Hunter, J. J., Goldbloom, D., Balderson, K., Petryshen, P., Steinberg, R., Wasylenki, D., Koh, D., & Fones, C. S. L.
- Affiliations
- Mount Sinai Hospital (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Maunder, Robert G.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Psychosomatic Medicine
- Published
- 2004-11
- Volume
- 66
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 938-942
- ISSN
- 0033-3174 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2103369106
- Cited by
- 368
- References
- 15
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 60 · 2021: 123 · 2020: 91 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 1 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 2.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychosomatic Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Healthcare professionals’ stress and burnout
- Keywords
- SARS, psychological stress, healthcare workers, nurses, patient contact, Impact of Event Scale, fear of illness, social isolation, occupational stress
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Analysis of Variance, Attitude of Health Personnel, Cross-Sectional Studies, Data Collection, Disease Outbreaks, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Fear, Female, Humans, Life Change Events, Male, Nursing Staff, Hospital, Ontario, Personnel, Hospital, Psychometrics, Social Isolation, Stress, Psychological, Linear Models, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
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