An Online Self-help CBT Intervention for Chronic Lower Back Pain

In the paper

“The intervention and wait-list control group had somewhat different patterns of use of the workbook.”

In the paper

“There was no difference between conditions in terms of number of unique pages visited or number of chapters completed.”

In the paper

“Across conditions, participants viewed an average of 153.9 (SD = 48.0) out of 189 pages and completed 5.3 (SD = 1.7) out of 6 chapters.”

In the paper

“Sixty-five percent of participants in the INT group returned to the WW after the Week 3 assessment, i.e., after they had already completed the WW.”

In the paper

“and the present study did not shed any new light on the issue.”

In the paper

“Furthermore, the intervention group showed improvement in self-efficacy for pain management and mood regulation”

In the paper

“Within the INT group, we compared baseline scores to Week 3 scores. Significant improvement (ps < .003) was noted for all outcomes except the Solicitude (p = .085) and Medical Cure (p = .322) subscales of the SOPA and the Work subscale of the FABQ (p = .032).”

In the paper

“Percent of participants completing each chapter ranged from 84% (Chapter 5) to 94% (Chapter 1).”

In the paper

“Although participants used the intervention for only three weeks, we found changes on most cognitive measures and on disability ratings with medium to large effect sizes.”

In the paper

“Only 1% of participants reported using WW less than 2 hours per week; 59% reported using it at least 6 hours per week, and 28% at least 10 hours per week.”

In the paper

“as well as decreased pain catastrophizing and fearful avoidance of physical activity.”

In the paper

“In general, the WW appears to have been well regarded.”

In the paper

“Turner et al48 reported good psychometric properties for a similarly modified SES, which focused on pain instead of arthritis.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [48] Turner JA Ersek M Kemp C Self-efficacy for managing pain is associated with disability, depression, and pain coping among retirement community residents with chronic pain J Pain Jul 2005 6 7 471 479 15993826 source

In the paper

“The SOPA-32 is a well-validated 32-item measure with seven subscales that measure strength of endorsement of pain-related beliefs”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [38] Klare GR A second look at the validity of readability formulas Journal of Reading Behavior 1976 8 129 152
• Not checked yetcites [39] Jensen MP Karoly P Pain-specific beliefs, perceived symptom severity, and adjustment to chronic pain Clin J Pain Jun 1992 8 2 123 130 1633376 source
• Not checked yetcites [40] Jensen MP Turner JA Romano JM Fisher LD Comparative reliability and validity of chronic pain intensity measures Pain Nov 1999 83 2 157 162 10534586 source

In the paper

“With regard to the dependent variables, independent groups t-tests revealed no significant differences between the groups on any dependent variable, with the exception of the Emotion subscale of the SOPA, t(139) = −2.15, p = .034.”

In the paper

“The authors have demonstrated strong construct validity, internal consistency, and two-week test-retest reliability”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [14] Jensen MP Turner JA Romano JM Correlates of improvement in multidisciplinary treatment of chronic pain J Consult Clin Psychol Feb 1994 62 1 172 179 8034820 source
• Not checked yetcites [41] Jensen MP Turner JA Romano JM Changes in beliefs, catastrophizing, and coping are associated with improvement in multidisciplinary pain treatment J Consult Clin Psychol Aug 2001 69 4 655 662 11550731 source
• Not checked yetcites [42] Turner JA Jensen MP Romano JM Do beliefs, coping, and catastrophizing independently predict functioning in patients with chronic pain? Pain Mar 2000 85 1–2 115 125 10692610 source

In the paper

“two functional contextual approaches have been identified as being important in chronic pain treatment: acceptance and values-based action.20”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [20] Wicksell RK Ahlqvist J Bring A Melin L Olsson GL Can exposure and acceptance strategies improve functioning and life satisfaction in people with chronic pain and whiplash-associated disorders (WAD)? A randomized controlled trial Cogn Behav Ther 2008 37 3 169 182 18608312 source

In the paper

“A password-protected document linking participant names to user IDs was maintained by the study coordinator, but this was not accessible to individuals involved in analyzing outcome data.”

In the paper

“Cognitive and behavioral therapy (CBT) approaches to pain management have been used with chronic pain patients for many years10”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [10] Flor H Fydrich T Turk DC Efficacy of multidisciplinary pain treatment centers: a meta- analytic review Pain May 1992 49 2 221 230 1535122 source

In the paper

“Vowles and McCracken23 found that improvement in pain acceptance and values-based action predicted improvement in primary outcomes including pain-related anxiety, depression, and disability.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [23] Vowles KE McCracken LM Acceptance and values-based action in chronic pain: a study of treatment effectiveness and process J Consult Clin Psychol Jun 2008 76 3 397 407 18540733 source

In the paper

“A review of self-help for chronic pain25 found that self-help delivered via group formats, workbooks, books, audiotapes, minimal contact formats, and telephone delivery systems has been effectively used to reduce pain, pain-related disability, depression, and anxiety in arthritis,26,27 lower backpain,28,29 headache,30–32 and temporomandibular joint disorder.33,34”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [25] Buenaver LF McGuire L Haythornthwaite JA Cognitive-Behavioral self-help for chronic pain J Clin Psychol Nov 2006 62 11 1389 1396 16937351 source
• Not checked yetcites [26] Lorig K Holman H Arthritis self-management studies: a twelve-year review Health Educ Q Spring 1993 20 1 17 28 8444622 source
• Not checked yetcites [27] Lorig KR Ritter PL Laurent DD Fries JF Long-term randomized controlled trials of tailored-print and small-group arthritis self-management interventions Med Care Apr 2004 42 4 346 354 15076811 source

In the paper

“self-help interventions for chronic diseases such as chronic pain are cost-effective, more easily disseminated than traditional, professional-led interventions and serve to empower patients.24”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [24] Smith BH Elliott AM Active self-management of chronic pain in the community Pain Feb 2005 113 3 249 250 15661429 source

In the paper

“A meta-analysis of 22 randomized controlled trials concluded that psychological interventions are effective for CLBP, with cognitive-behavioral and self-regulatory (e.g., biofeedback, relaxation) interventions being particularly effective.12”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [12] Hoffman BM Papas RK Chatkoff DK Kerns RD Meta-analysis of psychological interventions for chronic low back pain Health Psychol Jan 2007 26 1 1 9 17209691 source

In the paper

“The Fear Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire (FABQ)43 is a reliable and valid 16-item instrument that assesses patients’ beliefs regarding the effects of physical activity and work on their lower back pain”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [43] Waddell G Newton M Henderson I Somerville D Main CJ A Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire (FABQ) and the role of fear-avoidance beliefs in chronic low back pain and disability Pain Feb 1993 52 2 157 168 8455963 source

In the paper

“Chi-square tests revealed no significant differences between the INT and WLC groups in terms of the proportions of women, racial/ethnic minorities, those completing more than 2 years of post-secondary education, those currently being treated for chronic pain, those currently taking medications, those who had tried opioids, and those whom opioids had helped.”

In the paper

“Internet-based self-help interventions for chronic pain have been shown to be effective for a number of pain conditions, including headache,35 non-headache chronic pain,36 and rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, or fibromyalgia.37”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [35] Devineni T Blanchard EB A randomized controlled trial of an internet-based treatment for chronic headache Behav Res Ther Mar 2005 43 3 277 292 15680926 source
• Not checked yetcites [36] Buhrman M Faltenhag S Strom L Andersson G Controlled trial of Internet-based treatment with telephone support for chronic back pain Pain Oct 2004 111 3 368 377 15363881 source
• Not checked yetcites [37] Lorig KR Ritter PL Laurent DD Plant K The internet-based arthritis self-management program: a one-year randomized trial for patients with arthritis or fibromyalgia Arthritis Rheum Jul 15 2008 59 7 1009 1017 18576310 source

In the paper

“Because the groups were slightly different at baseline, we elected to use multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) to test our hypotheses, controlling for baseline individual differences in the dependent measures.”

In the paper

“Upon completion of the baseline measures, participants were randomized to the intervention (INT) group or to a wait-list control (WLC) group using a random number table.”

In the paper

“Independent-groups t-tests revealed no significant differences between the INT and WLC groups in terms of age, average pain rating, or duration of chronic pain.”

In the paper

“In sum, CLBP is a significant public health problem.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [1] CDC N, ed Healthy People 2010: 2 Arthritis, Osteoporosis, and Chronic Back Conditions 12006
• Not checked yetcites [2] Hardt J Jacobsen C Goldberg J Nickel R Buchwald D Prevalence of chronic pain in a representative sample in the United States Pain Medicine 2008 9 7 803 812 18346058 source
• Not checked yetcites [3] Lawrence RC Helmick CG Arnett FC Estimates of the prevalence of arthritis and selected musculoskeletal disorders in the United States Arthritis Rheum May 1998 41 5 778 799 9588729 source

In the paper

“The evidence is perhaps strongest for the treatment of headache, with home-based, self-help interventions resulting in comparable or superior outcomes to clinic-based treatments.31”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [31] Haddock CK Rowan AB Andrasik F Wilson PG Talcott GW Stein RJ Home-based behavioral treatments for chronic benign headache: a meta-analysis of controlled trials Cephalalgia Apr 1997 17 2 113 118 9137849 source

In the paper

“Furthermore, Buenaver, McGuire, and Haythornthwaite25 have posited this increase in self-efficacy mediates the relationship between self-help interventions and subsequent reductions in pain and disability”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [25] Buenaver LF McGuire L Haythornthwaite JA Cognitive-Behavioral self-help for chronic pain J Clin Psychol Nov 2006 62 11 1389 1396 16937351 source

In the paper

“Chi-square tests revealed that compared to completers, Week 6 non-completers were more likely to be in the WLC group (see Figure 1), χ2(1) = 4.06, p = .044, N = 141; racial/ethnic minorities, χ2(1) = 13.29, p < .001, N = 138.”

In the paper

“Chi-square tests revealed no significant differences between Week 3 completers and non-completers with regard to racial/ethnic minority status, educational attainment, or chronic pain treatment, nor did they differ according to group assignment.”

In the paper

“Our initial sample was primarily made up of individuals in their twenties and thirties.”

In the paper

“This rapid change is perhaps due to the acceptance of an internally consistent and meaningful treatment rationale.”

In the paper

“we postulate that introducing a mind/body treatment rationale, thus encouraging patients to try new ways to manage their own pain is empowering and enhancesself-efficacy.24”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [24] Smith BH Elliott AM Active self-management of chronic pain in the community Pain Feb 2005 113 3 249 250 15661429 source

In the paper

“Compared to completers, Week 3 non-completers were more likely to be men, χ2(1) = 4.02, p = .045, N = 141; less variable in age, Levene’s F = 4.04, p = .046; older (M = 47.7 vs. 42.0), t(13.2) = 2.60, p = .022; and in lower average pain, t(139) = −2.20, p = .029.”

In the paper

“In several ways self-help interventions delivered via the internet may be ideal for persons living with chronic lower back pain.”

In the paper

“Finally, a wait-list control group does not control for non-specific effects of treatment as it is comparing the online treatment to no treatment.”

In the paper

“and that these changes can be maintained over long periods of time.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [25] Buenaver LF McGuire L Haythornthwaite JA Cognitive-Behavioral self-help for chronic pain J Clin Psychol Nov 2006 62 11 1389 1396 16937351 source

In the paper

“this study demonstrates that it can also be an efficient and effective tool for delivering evidence-based interventions.”

In the paper

“There were also more female participants in the initial sample, leading to a study sample primarily comprised of women.”

In the paper

“Little remains known regarding who benefits most from self-help treatments,25”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [25] Buenaver LF McGuire L Haythornthwaite JA Cognitive-Behavioral self-help for chronic pain J Clin Psychol Nov 2006 62 11 1389 1396 16937351 source

In the paper

“Furthermore, web-based self-help interventions have been shown to have notable benefits with a variety of patient populations with pain.49–52”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [49] Allen M Iezzoni LI Huang A Huang L Leveille SG Improving patient-clinician communication about chronic conditions: description of an internet-based nurse E-coach intervention Nurs Res Mar-Apr 2008 57 2 107 112 18347482 source
• Not checked yetcites [50] Brattberg G Internet-based rehabilitation for individuals with chronic pain and burnout: a randomized trial Int J Rehabil Res Sep 2006 29 3 221 227 16900043 source
• Not checked yetcites [51] Brattberg G Internet-based rehabilitation for individuals with chronic pain and burnout II: a long-term follow-up Int J Rehabil Res Sep 2007 30 3 231 234 17762769 source
• Not checked yetcites [52] Sciamanna CN Nicholson RA Lofland JH Manocchia M Mui S Hartman CW Effects of a Website designed to improve the management of migraines Headache Jan 2006 46 1 92 100 16412156 source