The effects of exercise on cognition in older adults with and without cognitive decline: a systematic review.
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OBJECTIVE: To systematically review the effect of physical exercise on cognition in older adults with and without cognitive decline. DATA SOURCES: : Randomized controlled trials were identified by literature searches in PubMed, EMBASE, CENTRAL, PsycINFO, and AgeLine. STUDY SELECTION: Papers were included on the basis of predefined inclusion criteria. DATA EXTRACTION: Data on study population, exercise intervention, and effectiveness were extracted. Two independent reviewers assessed methodological quality. DATA SYNTHESIS: Twenty-three studies were included-15 among cognitively healthy subjects and 8 among subjects with cognitive decline. Seven studies were qualified as high-quality studies, 2 in cognitively healthy subjects and 5 in subjects with cognitive decline. In cognitively healthy subjects, significant beneficial intervention effects were observed in 5 studies on information processing, executive function, or memory. Interventions in these studies included aerobic exercise only (n = 2); strength exercise (n = 1); strength and balance exercise (n = 1); or all-round exercise including aerobic, strength, balance and flexibility training (n = 1). In subjects with cognitive decline, 5 studies observed beneficial effects on general cognition, executive functions, and memory. Interventions included aerobic (n = 3) or strength exercise combined with flexibility or balance exercise (n = 2). CONCLUSIONS: Beneficial effects of various exercise programs on aspects of cognition have been observed in studies among subjects with and without cognitive decline. The majority of the studies, however, did not find any effect. The small number of included studies; lack of high-quality studies; and the large variability in study populations, exercise protocols, and outcome measures complicate interpretation of the results. More high-quality trials are needed to assess the effects of different types of exercise on cognitive function in older adults with and without cognitive decline.
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Some randomized controlled trials have suggested aerobic exercise had no significant impact on cognition at all.
“Some RCTs have stipulated that AE influences divergent cognitive domains, whereas others have suggested AE had no significant impact on cognition at all (Etnier et al., 2006; van Uffelen et al., 2008; Snowden et al., 2011; Gates et al., 2013; Kelly et al., 2014; Young et al., 2015).”
From Aerobic Exercise as a Tool to Improve Hippocampal Plasticity and Function in Humans: Practical Implications for Mental Health Treatment (2016) · cites this paper as van Uffelen et al., 2008
Meta-analyses have found aerobic exercise interventions improve cognitive performance in older individuals with mild cognitive impairments or dementia.
“as well as in older individuals with mild cognitive impairments or dementia (Heyn et al., 2004; van Uffelen et al., 2008; Gates et al., 2013).”
From Aerobic Exercise as a Tool to Improve Hippocampal Plasticity and Function in Humans: Practical Implications for Mental Health Treatment (2016) · cites this paper as van Uffelen et al., 2008
Several meta-analyses have denoted the tendency for randomized controlled trials to report improvements in memory-based task performance following an aerobic exercise intervention.
“Several meta-analyses have denoted the tendency for RCTs to report improvements in memory-based task performance following an AE intervention (Colcombe and Kramer, 2003; van Uffelen et al., 2008; Smith et al., 2010; Chang et al., 2012; Roig et al., 2013).”
From Aerobic Exercise as a Tool to Improve Hippocampal Plasticity and Function in Humans: Practical Implications for Mental Health Treatment (2016) · cites this paper as van Uffelen et al., 2008
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- Authors
- Uffelen, J. G. Z. V., Chin A Paw, M. J. M., Hopman-Rock, M., & Mechelen, W. V.
- Affiliations
- Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Hopman-Rock, Marijke
- Venue
- Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine
- Published
- 2008-11
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 486-500
- ISSN
- 1050-642X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2064404113
- Cited by
- 296
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 30 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 25 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 1.85
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- vuir.vu.edu.au
- Locations
- Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (publishedVersion)
- Amsterdam UMC (VU Amsterdam) - Institutional Repository (publishedVersion)
- Victoria University Research Repository (Victoria University) (submittedVersion)
- Lirias (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- TNO Repository (submittedVersion)
- Repository hosted by TU Delft Library (TU Delft) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
- Keywords
- physical activity, cognitive function, older adults, cognitive decline, aerobic exercise, resistance training, balance training, flexibility training, executive function, memory, information processing
- MeSH terms
- Aging, Cognition, Humans, Exercise
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