HIV reservoirs: pathogenesis and obstacles to viral eradication and cure

Chun, Tae-Wook; Fauci, Anthony S.

doi:10.1097/qad.0b013e328353f3f1

Cited by 177HIV Research and TreatmentHIV/AIDS drug development and treatmentInfectious Diseases and Tuberculosis

HIV reservoirs: pathogenesis and obstacles to viral eradication and cure

Chun, Tae-Wook, Fauci, Anthony S.·2012·AIDS

DOI 10.1097/qad.0b013e328353f3f1

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Abstract

Plasma HIV viremia can be suppressed and maintained below the limits of detection for prolonged periods of time in the vast majority of HIV-infected individuals who receive antiretroviral therapy (ART). Thus, the clinical outcome for HIV-infected individuals who have access to these drugs is dramatically improved. However, ART alone cannot eradicate HIV in infected individuals and this impediment is likely in part due to the persistence of viral reservoirs in the peripheral blood and lymphoid tissues of infected individuals despite the suppression of plasma viremia. In recent years, major research efforts have been dedicated to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of persistent HIV infection and to the development of therapeutic strategies aimed at eradicating virus in infected individuals receiving ART. In this review, we discuss the pathophysiology of CD4 T-cell HIV reservoirs, including recent advances in our understanding of the mechanisms of persistent viral infection and perspectives for eradication of HIV in infected individuals.

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HIV-1 persists in approximately 10^6 cells per patient during HAART and is linked to comorbidities including heart and renal diseases, osteopenia, and neurological disorders.
“HIV-1 persists in ∼10 6 cells per patient during HAART, and is linked to comorbidities including heart and renal diseases, osteopenia, and neurological disorders”
From RNA-directed gene editing specifically eradicates latent and prevents new HIV-1 infection (2014) · cites this paper as [5]

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He, G., & Margolis, D. M. (2002) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.22.9.2965-2973.2002 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Effect of raltegravir-containing intensification on HIV burden and T-cell activation in multiple gut sites of HIV-positive adults on suppressive antiretroviral therapy
Yukl, S. A., Shergill, A. K., McQuaid, K. R., Gianella, S., Lampiris, H. W., Hare, C. B., Pandori, M., Sinclair, E., Günthard, H. F., Fischer, M., et al. (2010) · AIDS · doi:10.1097/qad.0b013e32833ef7bb · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Immuno-activation with anti-CD3 and recombinant human IL-2 in HIV-1-infected patients on potent antiretroviral therapy
Prins, J. M., Jurriaans, S., van Praag, R. M. E., Blaak, H., van Rij, R. P., Schellekens, P. T. A., ten Berge, I. J. M., Yong, S. L., Fox, C. H., Roos, M. T. L., et al. (1999) · AIDS · doi:10.1097/00002030-199912030-00012 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Short‐Course Raltegravir Intensification Does Not Reduce Persistent Low‐Level Viremia in Patients with HIV‐1 Suppression during Receipt of Combination Antiretroviral Therapy
McMahon, D. K., Jones, J. L., Wiegand, A., Gange, S. J., Kearney, M. F., Palmer, S., McNulty, S., Metcalf, J. A., Acosta, E. P., Rehm, C. A., et al. (2010) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/650749 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Rate of HIV-1 RNA rebound upon stopping antiretroviral therapy
Harrigana, P. R., Whaley, M., & Montaner, J. (1999) · AIDS · doi:10.1097/00002030-199905280-00001 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Orientation-Dependent Regulation of Integrated HIV-1 Expression by Host Gene Transcriptional Readthrough
Han, Y., Lin, Y. B., An, W., Xu, J., Yang, H., O’Connell, K. A., Dordai, D. I., Boeke, J. D., Siliciano, J. D., & Siliciano, R. F. (2008) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2008.06.008 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Decay of the HIV Reservoir in Patients Receiving Antiretroviral Therapy for Extended Periods: Implications for Eradication of Virus
Chun, T., Justement, J. S., Moir, S. L., Hallahan, C. W., Maenza, J. R., Mullins, J. I., Collier, A. C., Corey, L., & Fauci, A. S. (2007) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/518250 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Self-citation
Effective CD4+ T-cell restoration in gut-associated lymphoid tissue of HIV-infected patients is associated with enhanced Th17 cells and polyfunctional HIV-specific T-cell responses
Macal, M., Sankaran, S., Chun, T.-W., Reay, E., Flamm, J., Prindiville, T., & Dandekar, S. (2008) · Mucosal Immunology · doi:10.1038/mi.2008.35 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Self-citation
A Randomized, Controlled Trial of Raltegravir Intensification in Antiretroviral-treated, HIV-infected Patients with a Suboptimal CD4+ T Cell Response
Hatano, H., Hayes, T. L., Dahl, V., Sinclair, E., Lee, T., Hoh, R., Lampiris, H. W., Hunt, P. W., Palmer, S., McCune, J. M., et al. (2011) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/jiq138 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Valproic acid without intensified antiviral therapy has limited impact on persistent HIV infection of resting CD4+ T cells
Archin, N. M., Eron, J. J., Palmer, S., Hartmann-Duff, A., Martinson, J., Wiegand, A. P., Bandarenko, N., Schmitz, J. L., Bosch, R. J., LANDAY, A. L., et al. (2008) · AIDS · doi:10.1097/qad.0b013e3282fd6df4 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
The history of antiretroviral therapy and of its implementation in resource-limited areas of the world
Vella, S., Schwartländer, B., Sow, S. P., Eholié, S. P., & Murphy, R. L. (2012) · AIDS · doi:10.1097/qad.0b013e32835521a3 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
HIV-1 rebound during interruption of highly active antiretroviral therapy has no deleterious effect on reinitiated treatment
Neumann, A. U., Tubiana, R., Cálvez, V., Robert, C., Li, T., Agut, H., Autran, B., & Katlama, C. (1999) · AIDS · doi:10.1097/00002030-199904160-00008 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Stability of the Latent Reservoir for HIV‐1 in Patients Receiving Valproic Acid
Siliciano, J. D., Lai, J., Callender, M., Pitt, E., Zhang, H., Margolick, J. B., Gallant, J. E., Cofrancesco, J., Moore, R. D., Gange, S. J., et al. (2007) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/511823 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Genetic characterization of rebounding HIV-1 after cessation of highly active antiretroviral therapy
Zhang, L., Chung, C., Hu, B.-S., Tian, H., Guo, Y. S., Kim, A. J., Skulsky, E., Jin, X., Hurley, A., Ramratnam, B., et al. (2000) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci10565 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Relationship Between Residual Plasma Viremia and the Size of HIV Proviral DNA Reservoirs in Infected Individuals Receiving Effective Antiretroviral Therapy
Chun, T., Murray, D., Justement, J. S., Hallahan, C. W., Moir, S. L., Kovacs, C. M., & Fauci, A. S. (2011) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/jir208 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Self-citation
Prolonged valproic acid treatment does not reduce the size of latent HIV reservoir
Lerolle, N., Lamine, A., Chaix, M., Boufassa, F., Aboulker, J.-P., Costagliola, D. G., Goujard, C., Paller, C., Delfraissy, J., & Lambotte, O. (2008) · AIDS · doi:10.1097/qad.0b013e3282fd6ddc · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Residual Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Type 1 RNA and DNA in Lymph Nodes and HIV RNA in Genital Secretions and in Cerebrospinal Fluid after Suppression of Viremia for 2 Years
Günthard, H. F., Havlir, D. V., Fiscus, S. A., Zhang, Z., Eron, J. J., Mellors, J. W., Gulick, R. M., Frost, S. D. W., Brown, A., Schleif, W. A., et al. (2001) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/319864 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy
Sendi, P., Palmer, A. J., Gafni, A., & Battegay, M. (2001) · PharmacoEconomics · doi:10.2165/00019053-200119070-00001 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
HIV-1 replication in patients with undetectable plasma virus receiving HAART
Natarajan, V., Bosche, M. C., Metcalf, J. A., Ward, D. J., Lane, H. C., & Kovacs, J. A. (1999) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)76156-0 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Intensification and Stimulation Therapy for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Reservoirs in Infected Persons Receiving Virally Suppressive Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy
Kulkosky, J., Nunnari, G., Otero, M. A., Calarota, S. A., Dornadula, G., Zhang, H., Malin, A., Sullivan, J., Xu, Y., DeSimone, J., et al. (2002) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/344357 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Regulation of HIV-1 latency by T-cell activation
Williams, S. A., & Greene, W. C. (2007) · Cytokine · doi:10.1016/j.cyto.2007.05.017 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Intensification of Antiretroviral Therapy Accelerates the Decay of the HIV-1 Latent Reservoir and Decreases, But Does Not Eliminate, Ongoing Virus Replication
Ramratnam, B., Ribeiro, R. M., Tian, H., Chung, C., Simon, V. R., Vanderhoeven, J., Hurley, A., Zhang, L., Perelson, A. S., Ho, D. D., et al. (2003) · JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes · doi:10.1097/00126334-200401010-00004 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
R5 to X4 Switch of the Predominant HIV-1 Population in Cellular Reservoirs During Effective Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy
Delobel, P., Sauné, K., Cazabat, M., Pasquier, C., Marchou, B., Massip, P., & Izopet, J. (2005) · JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes · doi:10.1097/01.qai.0000152835.17747.47 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Both CD31+and CD31−Naive CD4+T Cells Are Persistent HIV Type 1–Infected Reservoirs in Individuals Receiving Antiretroviral Therapy
Wightman, F., Solomon, A. E., Khoury, G., Green, J. A., Gray, L. R., Gorry, P. R., Ho, Y. S., Saksena, N. K., Hoy, J., Crowe, S. M., et al. (2010) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/656721 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Detection of Acute HIV Infection: We Can’t Close the Window
Branson, B. M., & Stekler, J. D. (2011) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/jir793 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Safety and Immunogenicity of Therapeutic DNA Vaccination in Individuals Treated with Antiretroviral Therapy during Acute/Early HIV-1 Infection
Rosenberg, E. S., Graham, B. S., Chan, E. S., Bosch, R. J., Stocker, V. L., Maenza, J. R., Markowitz, M. H., Little, S. J., Sax, P. E., Collier, A. C., et al. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010555 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Immune reconstitution in the sigmoid colon after long-term HIV therapy
Sheth, P. M., Chege, D., Shin, L. Y., Huibner, S., Yue, F.-Y., Loutfy, M. R., Halpenny, R., Persad, D., Kovacs, C. M., Chun, T.-W., et al. (2008) · Mucosal Immunology · doi:10.1038/mi.2008.23 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Self-citation
Polyamides Reveal a Role for Repression in Latency within Resting T Cells of HIV‐Infected Donors
Ylisastigui, L., Coull, J. J., Rucker, V. C., Melander, C., Bosch, R. J., Brodie, S. J., Corey, L., Sodora, D. L., Dervan, P. B., & Margolis, D. M. (2004) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/423822 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Persistence of intracellular HIV-1 mRNA correlates with HIV-1-specific immune responses in infected subjects on stable HAART
Patterson, B. K., McCallister, S. H., Schütz, M., Siegel, J. N., Shults, K., Flener, Z., & LANDAY, A. L. (2001) · AIDS · doi:10.1097/00002030-200109070-00005 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Long-Term Antiretroviral Treatment Outcomes in Seven Countries in the Caribbean
Koenig, S. P., Rodriguez, L. A., Bartholomew, C., Edwards, A. M., Carmichael, T. E., Barrow, G., Cabie, A., HUNTER, R. F., Vasquez-Mora, G., Quava-Jones, A., et al. (2012) · JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes · doi:10.1097/qai.0b013e318245d3c1 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
HIV Integrase Inhibitors — Out of the Pipeline and into the Clinic
Havlir, D. V. (2008) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejme0804289 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Evolution of Total and Integrated HIV-1 DNA and Change in DNA Sequences in Patients with Sustained Plasma Virus Suppression
Izopet, J., Cazabat, M., Pasquier, C., Sauné, K., Bonnet, É., Marchou, B., Massip, P., & Puel, J. (2002) · Virology · doi:10.1006/viro.2002.1621 · Cited by 28 · see citing works

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Immune clearance of highly pathogenic SIV infection
Hansen, S. G., Piatak, M., Ventura, A. B., Hughes, C. M., Gilbride, R. M., Ford, J. C., Oswald, K. A., Shoemaker, R. S., Li, Y., Lewis, M. S., et al. (2013) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature12519 · Cited by 598 · see citing works
RNA-directed gene editing specifically eradicates latent and prevents new HIV-1 infection
Hu, W., Kaminski, R., Yang, F., Zhang, Y., Cosentino, L., Li, F., Luo, B., Alvarez-Carbonell, D., Garcia-Mesa, Y., Karn, J., et al. (2014) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1405186111 · Cited by 527 · see citing works
Whole-body immunoPET reveals active SIV dynamics in viremic and antiretroviral therapy–treated macaques
Santangelo, P. J., Rogers, K. A., Zurla, C., Blanchard, E. L., Gumber, S., Strait, K. R., Connor‐Stroud, F., Schuster, D. M., Amancha, P. K., Hong, J. J., et al. (2015) · Nature Methods · doi:10.1038/nmeth.3320 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
The Y chromosome: a blueprint for men’s health?
Maan, A., Eales, J., Akbarov, A., Rowland, J., Xu, X., Jobling, M. A., Charchar, F. J., & Tomaszewski, M. (2017) · European Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1038/ejhg.2017.128 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Pathogenesis of HIV infection
Naif, H. M. (2013) · Infectious Disease Reports · doi:10.4081/idr.2013.s1.e6 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Peripheral T Follicular Helper Cells Are the Major HIV Reservoir within Central Memory CD4 T Cells in Peripheral Blood from Chronically HIV-Infected Individuals on Combination Antiretroviral Therapy
Pallikkuth, S., Sharkey, M. E., Babič, D. Z., Gupta, S., Stone, G. W., Fischl, M. A., Stevenson, M., & Pahwa, S. G. (2015) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.02883-15 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
MicroRNAs and HIV-1 Infection: Antiviral Activities and Beyond
Swaminathan, G., Navas, S., & Martín‐García, J. (2013) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2013.12.017 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the establishment of HIV-1 latency
Donahue, D. A., & Wainberg, M. A. (2013) · Retrovirology · doi:10.1186/1742-4690-10-11 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Long lasting control of viral rebound with a new drug ABX464 targeting Rev – mediated viral RNA biogenesis
Campos, N., Myburgh, R., Garcel, A., Vautrin, A., Lapasset, L., Nadal, E. S., Mahuteau‐Betzer, F., Najman, R., Fornarelli, P., Tantale, K., et al. (2015) · Retrovirology · doi:10.1186/s12977-015-0159-3 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Activation and lysis of human CD4 cells latently infected with HIV-1
Pegu, A., Asokan, M., Wu, L., Wang, K., Hataye, J. M., Casazza, J. P., Guo, X., Shi, W., Georgiev, I. S., Zhou, T., et al. (2015) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms9447 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Crystallographic Identification of Lipid as an Integral Component of the Epitope of HIV Broadly Neutralizing Antibody 4E10
Irimia, A., Sarkar, A., Stanfield, R. L., & Wilson, I. A. (2016) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2015.12.001 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Nucleolar protein NOP2/NSUN1 suppresses HIV-1 transcription and promotes viral latency by competing with Tat for TAR binding and methylation
Kong, W., Biswas, A., Zhou, D., Fiches, G. N., Fujinaga, K., Santoso, N. G., & Zhu, J. K. (2020) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1008430 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Characterization of Nanodiamond-based anti-HIV drug Delivery to the Brain
Roy, U. B., Drozd, V., Durygin, A., Rodríguez, J. C. D., Barber, P., Atluri, V. S. R., Liu, X., Voss, T. G., Saxena, S. K., & Nair, M. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-16703-9 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
EcoHIV infection of mice establishes latent viral reservoirs in T cells and active viral reservoirs in macrophages that are sufficient for induction of neurocognitive impairment
Gu, C., Borjabad, A., Hadas, E., Kelschenbach, J., Kim, B., Chao, W., Arancio, O., Suh, J., Polsky, B., McMillan, J., et al. (2018) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1007061 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Cellular and molecular mechanisms of HIV-1 integration targeting
Engelman, A., & Singh, P. K. (2018) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-018-2772-5 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Extracellular Vesicles in the Pathogenesis of Viral Infections in Humans
Caobi, A., Nair, M., & Raymond, A. (2020) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v12101200 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Toward an AIDS-Free Generation
Fauci, A. S., & Folkers, G. K. (2012) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2012.8142 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Self-citation
HIV-1 Latency: An Update of Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Strategies
Battistini, A., & Sgarbanti, M. (2014) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v6041715 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Intensification of a raltegravir-based regimen with maraviroc in early HIV-1 infection
Puertas, M. C., Massanella, M., Llibre, J. M., Ballestero-Téllez, M., Buzón, M. J., Ouchi, D., Esteve, A., Boix, J., Manzardo, C., Miró, J. M., et al. (2013) · AIDS · doi:10.1097/qad.0000000000000066 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
The search for an HIV cure: tackling latent infection
Kent, S. J., Reece, J. C., Petravic, J., Martyushev, A., Kramski, M., Rose, R. D., Cooper, D. A., Kelleher, A. D., Emery, S., Cameron, P. U., et al. (2013) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(13)70043-4 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
What Integration Sites Tell Us about HIV Persistence
Hughes, S. H., & Coffin, J. M. (2016) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2016.04.010 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Broadly neutralizing antibodies suppress HIV in the persistent viral reservoir
Chun, T., Murray, D., Justement, J. S., Blažková, J., Hallahan, C. W., Fankuchen, O., Gittens, K. R., Benko, E., Kovacs, C. M., Moir, S. L., et al. (2014) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1414148111 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Self-citation
The Detection and Management of Early HIV Infection
Smith, M. K., Rutstein, S. E., Powers, K. A., Fidler, S. J., Miller, W. C., Eron, J. J., & Cohen, M. S. (2013) · JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes · doi:10.1097/qai.0b013e31829871e0 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Immune surveillance and response to JC virus infection and PML
Beltrami, S., & Gordon, J. (2013) · Journal of NeuroVirology · doi:10.1007/s13365-013-0222-6 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
On HIV diversity
Ndung’u, T., & Weiss, R. A. (2012) · AIDS · doi:10.1097/qad.0b013e32835461b5 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
The human Papillomavirus twilight zone – Latency, immune control and subclinical infection
Doorbar, J. (2023) · Tumour Virus Research · doi:10.1016/j.tvr.2023.200268 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
The Ambiguous Roles of Extracellular Vesicles in HIV Replication and Pathogenesis
Dias, M. V. S., Costa, C. S., & daSilva, L. L. P. (2018) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.02411 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Cell–cell contact viral transfer contributes to HIV infection and persistence in astrocytes
Luo, X., & He, J. J. (2014) · Journal of NeuroVirology · doi:10.1007/s13365-014-0304-0 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Prevalence and Predictors of Immunological Failure among HIV Patients on HAART in Southern Ethiopia
Yirdaw, K. D., & Hattingh, S. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0125826 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
HIV Cell-to-Cell Spread Results in Earlier Onset of Viral Gene Expression by Multiple Infections per Cell
Boullé, M., Müller, T. G., Dähling, S., Ganga, Y., Jackson, L., Mahamed, D., Lance, O., Lustig, G., Neher, R. A., & Sigal, A. (2016) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1005964 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Recruitment and ethical considerations in HIV cure trials requiring treatment interruption
Arnold, M. P., Evans, D., & Vergel, N. (2015) · Journal of Virus Eradication · doi:10.1016/s2055-6640(20)31148-1 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Modulation of the splicing regulatory function of SRSF10 by a novel compound that impairs HIV-1 replication
Shkreta, L., Blanchette, M., Toutant, J., Wilhelm, E., Bell, B., Story, B. A., Balachandran, A., Cochrane, A., Cheung, P. K., Harrigan, P. R., et al. (2016) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkw1223 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
The HIV-1 pandemic: does the selective sweep in chimpanzees mirror humankind’s future?
de Groot, N. G., & Bontrop, R. E. (2013) · Retrovirology · doi:10.1186/1742-4690-10-53 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
HIV-1, interferon and the interferon regulatory factor system: An interplay between induction, antiviral responses and viral evasion
Marsili, G., Remoli, A. L., Sgarbanti, M., Perrotti, E., Fragale, A., & Battistini, A. (2012) · Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.cytogfr.2012.06.001 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Effect of Anti-CD4 Antibody UB-421 on HIV-1 Rebound after Treatment Interruption
Chang-yi, W., Wong, W.-W., Tsai, H., Chen, Y., Kuo, B.-S., Lynn, S., Blažková, J., Clarridge, K. E., Su, H.-W., Lin, C.-Y., et al. (2019) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1802264 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Self-citation
An analytical pipeline for identifying and mapping the integration sites of HIV and other retroviruses
Wells, D., Guo, S., Shao, W., Bale, M. J., Coffin, J. M., Hughes, S. H., & Wu, X. (2020) · BMC Genomics · doi:10.1186/s12864-020-6647-4 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
3-Hydroxypyrimidine-2,4-dione-5-N-benzylcarboxamides Potently Inhibit HIV-1 Integrase and RNase H
Wu, B., Tang, J. Y., Wilson, D. J., Huber, A. D., Casey, M. C., Ji, J., Kankanala, J., Xie, J., Sarafianos, S. G., & Wang, Z. (2016) · Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00040 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Host Immune Responses in HIV-1 Infection: The Emerging Pathogenic Role of Siglecs and Their Clinical Correlates
Mikulak, J., Vito, C. D., Zaghi, E., & Mavilio, D. (2017) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2017.00314 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
An open-label phase 1 clinical trial of the anti-α 4 β 7 monoclonal antibody vedolizumab in HIV-infected individuals
Sneller, M. C., Clarridge, K. E., Seamon, C. A., Shi, V., Zorawski, M. D., Justement, J. S., Blažková, J., Huiting, E. D., Proschan, M. A., Mora, J. R., et al. (2019) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.aax3447 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Self-citation
Sanger and Next Generation Sequencing Approaches to Evaluate HIV-1 Virus in Blood Compartments
Arias, A., López, P. L., Sánchez, R., Yamamura, Y., & Rivera‐Amill, V. (2018) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph15081697 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Advances in rationally designed dual inhibitors of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and integrase
Gu, S., Xue, P., Ju, X.-L., & Zhu, Y. (2016) · Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.bmc.2016.09.025 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Effect of the Latent Reservoir on the Evolution of HIV at the Within- and Between-Host Levels
Doekes, H. M., Fraser, C., & Lythgoe, K. (2017) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005228 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Delayed Emergence of HIV-1 Variants Resistant to 4′-Ethy Nyl-2-Fluoro-2′-Deoxyadenosine: Comparative Sequential Passage Study with Lamivudine, Tenofovir, Emtricitabine and BMS-986001
Maeda, K., Desai, D. V., Aoki, M., Nakata, H., Kodama, E. N., & Mitsuya, H. (2013) · Antiviral Therapy · doi:10.3851/imp2697 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Characterization of novel inhibitors of HIV-1 replication that function via alteration of viral RNA processing and rev function
Wong, R., Balachandran, A., Haaland, M., Stoilov, P., & Cochrane, A. (2013) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkt727 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Immune modulatory capacity of probiotic lactic acid bacteria and applications in vaccine development
Mojgani, N., Shahali, Y., & Dadar, M. (2020) · Beneficial Microbes · doi:10.3920/bm2019.0121 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Stochastic population switch may explain the latent reservoir stability and intermittent viral blips in HIV patients on suppressive therapy
Wang, S., & Rong, L. (2014) · Journal of Theoretical Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jtbi.2014.06.042 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
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Authors: Chun, T.-W., & Fauci, A. S.
Affiliations: National Institutes of Health (US)
Corresponding author: Chun, Tae-Wook
ORCID: Chun, Tae-Wook
Fauci, Anthony S.
Venue: AIDS
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published: 2012-06-19
Volume: 26
Issue: 10
Pages: 1261-1268
ISSN: 0269-9370 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e328353f3f1
OpenAlex: W2044293862
Cited by: 175
References: 99
Citations by year: 2026: 4 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 34 · 2012: 8
FWCI: 2.90
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: AIDS (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Virology › HIV Research and Treatment
Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › HIV/AIDS drug development and treatment
Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Infectious Diseases and Tuberculosis
Keywords: HIV reservoir, persistent HIV infection, antiretroviral therapy, viral eradication, lymphoid tissue, HIV pathogenesis
MeSH terms: Disease Reservoirs, Humans, Viremia, CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes, HIV-1, HIV Infections, Virus Latency, Anti-Retroviral Agents

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HIV reservoirs: pathogenesis and obstacles to viral eradication and cure

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