Clinical appraisal of chronic traumatic encephalopathy: current perspectives and future directions
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: There are currently no consensus-based clinical diagnostic criteria for chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). This review provides an update on recent literature pertaining to clinically relevant procedures that--presently or in the future--may be useful for the in-vivo detection, characterization, and/or prediction of CTE. RECENT FINDINGS: Preliminary evidence about the clinical manifestations of CTE has been accumulating via post-mortem medical record review and interviews of friends or family members of individuals with neuropathologically documented CTE. This evidence suggests that CTE is manifested clinically by changes in cognition (especially memory and executive functioning, with dementia later in the disease course), mood (especially, depression, apathy, and suicidality), personality and behavior (especially poor impulse control and behavioral disinhibition), and movement (including parkinsonism and signs of motor neuron disease). At the present time, evidence regarding CTE has not been confirmed in a prospective study of a cohort at risk for CTE. SUMMARY: On the basis of recent research in the fields of dementia and traumatic brain injury, several in-vivo procedures (including neurological examination, neuropsychological assessment, neuroimaging techniques, and blood and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers) each have the potential to contribute unique information about the manifestations of CTE, including clinical and preclinical stages. More research is needed to develop a set of consensus diagnostic criteria that provide a reliable and valid indicator of neuropathologically verified CTE. Until such criteria are developed, the clinical assessment of CTE should be informed by modern research that is of relevance to traumatic brain injury and neurodegenerative diseases.
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In publications from 2005-2015, CTE has been described as a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by a broad and diverse range of both macroscopic and microscopic neuropathology.
“In publications from 2005–2015, CTE has been described as a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by a broad and diverse range of both macroscopic and microscopic neuropathology.”
From The Need to Separate Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy Neuropathology from Clinical Features (2017) · cites this paper as [25]
The prevailing theory of CTE, often expressed in articles as fact, is that it is a distinct and unique neurodegenerative disease.
“In conclusion, the prevailing theory of CTE, often expressed in articles as fact, is that it is a distinct (1, 3, 9-11) and unique (10) neurodegenerative disease (9-13).”
From Mild Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy Neuropathology in People With No Known Participation in Contact Sports or History of Repetitive Neurotrauma (2019) · cites this paper as [12]
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“Microscopic features described as characteristic have included 1) localized neuronal and glial accumulations of phosphorylated tau (p-tau) with varying microscopic morphologies, involving perivascular areas of the cerebral cortex and sulcal depths, and with a preference for neurons within superficial cortical laminae;…”
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- Authors
- Gavett, B. E., Cantu, R. C., Shenton, M., Lin, A. P., Nowinski, C. J., McKee, A. C., & Stern, R. A.
- Affiliations
- Boston University (US)
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Stern, Robert A.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Current Opinion in Neurology
- Published
- 2011-12
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 525-531
- ISSN
- 1350-7540 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2319691314
- Cited by
- 101
- References
- 56
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 1.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Current Opinion in Neurology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment
- National Institute on Aging (P30AG013846, P30-AG13846))
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS078337)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Traumatic Brain Injury Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular Disturbances
- Keywords
- chronic traumatic encephalopathy, traumatic brain injury, clinical criteria, cognitive impairment, memory, executive dysfunction, mood disorders, depression, suicidality, personality and behavior, parkinsonism, cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers, neuroimaging, neuropsychological assessment, preclinical detection, neurodegenerative diseases
- MeSH terms
- Brain Injuries, Cognition Disorders, Humans, Neurologic Examination, Neuropsychological Tests, Biomarkers, Neurodegenerative Diseases, Brain Injury, Chronic, Neuroimaging
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