Cross-reactive serum and memory B cell responses to spike protein in SARS-CoV-2 and endemic coronavirus infection
Open accessPreprint — published as 10.1038/s41467-021-23074-3
Abstract
Pre-existing immune responses to seasonal endemic coronaviruses could have profound consequences for antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2, either induced in natural infection or through vaccination. Such consequences are well established in the influenza and flavivirus fields. A first step to establish whether pre-existing responses can impact SARS-CoV-2 infection is to understand the nature and extent of cross-reactivity in humans to coronaviruses. We compared serum antibody and memory B cell responses to coronavirus spike (S) proteins from pre-pandemic and SARS-CoV-2 convalescent donors using a series of binding and functional assays. We found weak evidence of pre-existing SARS-CoV-2 cross-reactive serum antibodies in pre-pandemic donors. However, we found stronger evidence of pre-existing cross-reactive memory B cells that were activated on SARS-CoV-2 infection. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) isolated from the donors showed varying degrees of cross-reactivity with betacoronaviruses, including SARS and endemic coronaviruses. None of the cross-reactive mAbs were neutralizing except for one that targeted the S2 subunit of the S protein. The results suggest that pre-existing immunity to endemic coronaviruses should be considered in evaluating antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2.
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Neutralizing mAbs that bind regions of the viral spike have also been identified.
“Neutralizing mAbs that bind regions of the viral spike have also been identified (24, 33, 38–42).”
From mRNA vaccination boosts cross-variant neutralizing antibodies elicited by SARS-CoV-2 infection (2021) · cites this paper as [41]
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“Although the RBD is a major target of nAbs, neutralizing non-RBD epitopes have also been identified, including nAbs that bind the NTD in S1 [32,33] and others that bind the S2 subunit [34], which could offer additional possibilities for novel nAb combination approaches in the future.”
BackgroundTortorici, M. A., Addetia, A., Seo, A. J., Brown, J. T., Sprouse, K., Logue, J., Clark, E., Franko, N., Chu, H. Y., & Veesler, D. (2024) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2024.02.016 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Stamatatos, L., Czartoski, J., Wan, Y.-H., Homad, L. J., Rubin, V., Glantz, H., Neradilek, M., Seydoux, E., Jennewein, M. F., MacCamy, A. J., et al. (2021) · doi:10.1101/2021.02.05.21251182 · Cited by 559 · see citing works
“Neutralizing against other region of the viral spike have also been identified (24, 33, 38-42).”
BackgroundLi, W., Chen, Y., Prévost, J., Ullah, I., Lu, M., Gong, S. Y., Tauzin, A., Gasser, R., Vézina, D., Anand, S. P., et al. (2021) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110210 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
“…antibodies have been identified (Hoffmann et al., 2020; Jennewein et al., 2021; Jette et al., 2021; Li et al., 2021b; Ma et al., 2020; Ng et al., 2020; Rap-pazzo et al., 2021; Song et al., 2021; Tian et al., 2020; Tortorici et al., 2021; Wang et al., 2020, 2021a; Wec Anna et al., 2020).”
RETRACTED: SARS-CoV-2 S2–targeted vaccination elicits broadly neutralizing antibodies
Ng, K. W., Faulkner, N., Finsterbusch, K., Wu, M., Harvey, R., Hussain, S., Greco, M., Liu, Y., Kjær, S., Swanton, C., et al. (2022) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.abn3715 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
RetractedZhou, P.-P., Yuan, M., Song, G., Beutler, N., Shaabani, N., Huang, D.-L., He, W.-T., Zhu, X.-Y., Callaghan, S., Yong, P., et al. (2021) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.03.30.437769 · Cited by 89
“8, from a 62-year-old SARS-CoV-2 convalescent 131 donor from peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) samples collected 32 days post132 infection (51).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationMemory B cell repertoire for recognition of evolving SARS-CoV-2 spike
Tong, P., Gautam, A., Windsor, I., Travers, M., Chen, Y., Garcia, N., Whiteman, N. B., McKay, L. G. A., Storm, N., Malsick, L. E., et al. (2021) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2021.07.025 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Structural definition of a pan-sarbecovirus neutralizing epitope on the spike S2 subunit
Hurlburt, N. K., Homad, L. J., Sinha, I. R., Jennewein, M. F., MacCamy, A. J., Wan, Y.-H., Boonyaratanakornkit, J. B., Sholukh, A. M., Jackson, A. M., Zhou, P.-P., et al. (2022) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-022-03262-7 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
“…site of vulnerability defined by the 3A3 mAb maps to the membrane-distal end of the pre-fusion S2 subunit and several mAbs have been found to bind the stem helix at the base of the S2 spike (Huang et al., 2021, Wang et al., 2021, Pinto et al., 2021, Zhou et al., 2021, Song et al., 2020).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationDecay of Fc-dependent antibody functions after mild to moderate COVID-19
Lee, W., Selva, K., Davis, S. K., Wines, B., Reynaldi, A., Esterbauer, R., Kelly, H. G., Haycroft, E., Tan, H.-X., Juno, J., et al. (2020) · medRxiv · doi:10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100296 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
“This could either be due to the back-boosting of pre-existing HCoV 227 antibodies that are cross-reactive with SARS-CoV-2 (27, 28), or the de novo 228 .”
Antibody-mediated broad sarbecovirus neutralization through ACE2 molecular mimicry
Park, Y.-J., Marco, A. D., Starr, T. N., et al. (2021) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.10.13.464254 · Cited by 81
Overview of Neutralizing Antibodies and Their Potential in COVID-19
Morales‐Núñez, J. J., Muñóz-Valle, J. F., Torres-Hernández, P. C., & Hernández‐Bello, J. (2021) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines9121376 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Early cross-coronavirus reactive signatures of humoral immunity against COVID-19
Kapłonek, P., Wang, C., Bartsch, Y. C., Fischinger, S., Gorman, M. J., Bowman, K. A., Kang, J., Dayal, D., Martin, P., Nowak, R. P., et al. (2021) · Science Immunology · doi:10.1126/sciimmunol.abj2901 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Ge, Y., Li, J.-M., Meng, Y., et al. (2023) · Social Science Research Network · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4271277 · Cited by 70
Bowen, J. E., Park, Y., Stewart, C., Brown, J. T., Sharkey, W. K., Walls, A. C., Joshi, A., Sprouse, K. R., McCallum, M., Tortorici, M. A., et al. (2022) · Science Immunology · doi:10.1126/sciimmunol.adf1421 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
The role of B cells in COVID-19 infection and vaccination
Chen, S., Guan, F., Candotti, F., Benlagha, K., Câmara, N. O. S., Herrada, A. A., James, L. K., Lei, J., Miller, H., Kubo, M., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.988536 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Li, W.-W., Chen, Y.-Z., Prévost, J., et al. (2021) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.08.02.454546 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“Various cross-reactive antibodies have 94 been identified (Hoffmann et al., 2020; Jennewein et al., 2021; Ma et al., 2020; Ng et al., 2020; 95 Song et al., 2020; Tian et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2021).”
BackgroundWhy Does the Severity of COVID-19 Differ With Age?
Zimmermann, P., & Curtis, N. C. (2021) · The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal · doi:10.1097/inf.0000000000003413 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
“It has been suggested that cross-reactive antibodies against S2 might provide neutralizing activity and protection against SARS-CoV-2.(133,134) One study reported that pre-existing S2-specific antibodies against HCoV-OC43 are associated with mild COVID-19.”
BackgroundShrwani, K. J., Sharma, R. S., Krishnan, M., Jones, T., Neto, M. M., Cantoni, D. M., Temperton, N. J., Dobson, S. L., Subramaniam, K. S., McNamara, P. S., et al. (2021) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/jiab333 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“The study by Song et al analyzing memory B cells from convalescent COVID-19 patients supports that elevated antibody levels to HCoV-HKU1 S-protein in COVID-19 donors is consistent with the former, as SARS-CoV-2 activates B cells expressing preexisting HCoV-HKU1 S-specific B cell receptors to secrete the corresponding…”
BackgroundResultWoudenberg, T., Pelleau, S., Anna, F., Attia, M., Donnadieu, F., Gravet, A., Lohmann, C., Séraphin, H., Guihéneuf, R., Delamare, C., et al. (2021) · EBioMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103495 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Peptide-based simple detection of SARS-CoV-2 with electrochemical readout
Soto, D., & Orozco, J. (2022) · Analytica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.aca.2022.339739 · Cited by 58
“Considering the Spike protein levels [63,64] and viral particles on human samples [14]; our results indicate that the peptide-based biosensor can detect Spike protein in solution and viral particles at clinically relevant concentrations as will be shown below.”
BackgroundMemory B cell repertoire for recognition of evolving SARS-CoV-2 spike
Tong, P., Gautam, A., Windsor, I., et al. (2021) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.03.10.434840 · Cited by 58
Shared B cell memory to coronaviruses and other pathogens varies in human age groups and tissues
Yang, F., Nielsen, S. C. A., Hoh, R., Röltgen, K., Wirz, O., Haraguchi, E., Jean, G. H., Lee, J.-Y., Pham, T., Jackson, K., et al. (2020) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abf6648 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
A public antibody class recognizes an S2 epitope exposed on open conformations of SARS-CoV-2 spike
Claireaux, M., Caniels, T., de Gast, M., Han, J., Guerra, D., Kerster, G., van Schaik, B. V., Jongejan, A., Schriek, A., Grobben, M., et al. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-32232-0 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Self-citationB cell receptor repertoire kinetics after SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination
Kotagiri, P., Mescia, F., Rae, W. M., Bergamaschi, L., Tuong, Z. K., Turner, L., Hunter, K., Gerber, P. P., Hosmillo, M. D. T., Hess, C., et al. (2022) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110393 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“, 2021; Stephens and McElrath, 2020) and potentially also through non-SARS-CoV2-specific ‘‘natural’’ antibodies, or antibodies generated in response to other coronaviruses that may also cross-react with SARS-CoV-2 (Hernandez and Holodick, 2017; Song et al., 2021; Yang et al., 2021).”
Poston, D., Weisblum, Y., Wise, H. M., Templeton, K. E., Jenks, S. J., Hatziioannou, T., & Bieniasz, P. D. (2020) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa1803 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“Although other groups have reported the existence of SARSCoV-2 cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies in sera from individuals who were not infected with SARS-CoV-2, the neutralization activity observed appears low [11, 12].”
BackgroundDiscovery of ultrapotent broadly neutralizing antibodies from SARS-CoV-2 elite neutralizers
Vanshylla, K., Fan, C., Wunsch, M., Poopalasingam, N., Meijers, M., Kreer, C., Kleipass, F., Ruchnewitz, D., Ercanoglu, M. S., Gruell, H., et al. (2021) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2021.12.010 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“…McLellan lab; (Pallesen et al., 2017) N/A phCMV3-HCoV-HKU1 spike Raiees Andrabi lab; (Song et al., 2021) N/A phCMV3- HCoV-OC43 spike Raiees Andrabi lab; (Song et al., 2021) N/A Software and algorithms GraphPad PRISM, Version 7 and 9 GraphPad Software, Inc https://www.graphpad.com Geneious R10v10.”
Narowski, T. M., Raphel, K., Adams, L. E., Huang, J., Vielot, N. A., Jadi, R., de Silva, A. M., Baric, R. S., Lafleur, J., & Premkumar, L. (2022) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110336 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“Nonetheless, cross-reactive HCoV antibodies targeting conserved regionswere reported to be boosted in some hospitalized patients (Anderson et al., 2021; Guo et al., 2021; Song et al., 2021) and have been associatedwith the development of neutralizing antibodies (Dispinseri et al., 2021).”
Amanat, F., Thapa, M., Lei, T., Ahmed, S. M. S., Adelsberg, D. C., Carreño, J. M., Strohmeier, S., Schmitz, A. J., Zafar, S., Zhou, J. Q., et al. (2021) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.03.07.21253098 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“This phenomenon resembles the immune imprinting described in influenza virus immunology and has already been described for natural infection with SARS-CoV-2 (Aydillo et al., 2020; Song et al., 2020).”
COVID-19 Neutralizing Antibodies Predict Disease Severity and Survival
García-Beltrán, W. F., Lam, E. C., Astudillo, M. G., Yang, D., Miller, T. E., Feldman, J. E., Hauser, B. M., Caradonna, T. M., Clayton, K., Nitido, A. D., et al. (2020) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.12.015 · Cited by 701 · see citing works
“The diverse and atypical kinetics of antibody production—in particular, early rise of IgG and in some cases IgA—suggests the possibility of a contribution from class-switched (IgG or IgA) memory B cells early in the humoral immune response rather than solely from the naive (IgM) B cell pool, as has been recently postu…”
COVID ‐19 and plasma cells: Is there long‐lived protection?*
Nguyen, D. C., Lamothe, P. A., Woodruff, M. C., Saini, A. S., Faliti, C. E., Sanz, I., & Lee, F. E.-H. (2022) · Immunological Reviews · doi:10.1111/imr.13115 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Abela, I., Pasin, C., Schwarzmüller, M., Epp, S., Sickmann, M., Schanz, M., Rusert, P., Weber, J., Schmutz, S., Audigé, A., et al. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-27040-x · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Cagigi, A., Yu, M., Österberg, B., Svensson, J., Falck‐Jones, S., Vangeti, S., Åhlberg, E., Azizmohammadi, L., Warnqvist, A., Falck‐Jones, R., et al. (2021) · JCI Insight · doi:10.1172/jci.insight.151463 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“have shown that cross-reactivity between coronaviruses exists (53, 54).”
Adli, A., Rahimi, M., Khodaie, R., Hashemzaei, N., & Hosseini, S. M. (2022) · Journal of Medical Virology · doi:10.1002/jmv.27615 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“The immunological deregulation, in particular, is mediated by IL‐6 rather than interleukin‐ 1 (IL‐1) beta.176 Increased generation of pro‐inflammatory cytokines through lymphocyte and monocytes dysfunction with CD4 lymphopenia are two critical characteristics of this immune dysregulation.176 Increased expression of th…”
BackgroundInfluentialLu, L., Chu, A. W., Zhang, R., Chan, W.-M., Ip, J. D., Tsoi, H., Chen, L., Cai, J., Lung, D. C., Tam, A. R., et al. (2021) · EBioMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103544 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“Indeed, neutralizing antibodies targeting the S2 region have been found [36].”
Borrega, R., Nelson, D. K. S., Koval, A. P., Bond, N. G., Heinrich, M. L., Rowland, M. M., Lathigra, R. B., Bush, D. J., Aimukanova, I., Phinney, W. N., et al. (2021) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v13112325 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“Pre-existing memory B cells that are cross-reactive with other coronaviruses are activated on SARS-CoV-2 infection [45].”
BackgroundShroff, R., Chalasani, P., Wei, R., et al. (2021) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.05.13.21257129 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Huang, Y., Nguyen, A. W., Hsieh, C., et al. (2021) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.01.31.428824 · Cited by 33
Meyer‐Arndt, L., Braun, J., Fauchère, F., Vanshylla, K., Loyal, L., Henze, L., Kruse, B., Dingeldey, M., Jürchott, K., Mangold, M., et al. (2022) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp-2022-329395 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
The immune response to COVID ‐19: Does sex matter?
Ho, J. Q., Sepand, M. R., Bigdelou, B., Shekarian, T., Esfandyarpour, R., Chauhan, P. S., Serpooshan, V., Beura, L. K., Hütter, G., & Zanganeh, S. (2022) · Immunology · doi:10.1111/imm.13487 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“detected in SARS-CoV-2 unexposed individuals, the disease outcome is largely thought to be shaped by initial innate immune responses.(51,52) Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) such as toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) that sense single-stranded RNA may play a major role in the initial innate immune response against RNA vi…”
BackgroundGeanes, E. S., LeMaster, C., Fraley, E., Khanal, S., McLennan, R., Grundberg, E., Selvarangan, R., & Bradley, T. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-10230-y · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Wu, W.-L., Chiang, C.-Y., Lai, S.-C., Yu, C.-Y., Huang, Y., Liao, H., Liao, C., Chen, H., & Liu, S. (2022) · JCI Insight · doi:10.1172/jci.insight.157597 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Laing, E. D., Epsi, N. J., Richard, S. A., Samuels, E. C., Wang, W., Vassell, R. A., Ewing, D. F., Herrup, R., Sterling, S. L., Lindholm, D. A., et al. (2021) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.04.27.21256207 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Olukitibi, T. A., Ao, Z., Warner, B. M., Unat, R., Kobasa, D., & Yao, X. (2023) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines11030545 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
mRNA COVID-19 Vaccines and Long-Lived Plasma Cells: A Complicated Relationship
Giannotta, G., & Giannotta, N. (2021) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines9121503 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“However, there is strong evidence of pre-existing cross-reactive MBCs that were activated on SARS-CoV-2 infection [65].”
BackgroundRapid Development of Analytical Methods for Evaluating Pandemic Vaccines: A Covid-19 Perspective
Baldwin, J., Piplani, S., Sakala, I. G., Honda‐Okubo, Y., Li, L., & Petrovsky, N. (2021) · Bioanalysis · doi:10.4155/bio-2021-0096 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“Variations of SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein based CELISA assays reported in literature make use of alternative transfected cell lines (namely HEK293 cells) and analyze samples via flow cytometry, representing antibody binding [72].”
BackgroundMalherbe, D. C., Kurup, D., Wirblich, C., Ronk, A. J., Mire, C. E., Kuzmina, N. A., Shaik, N. F., Periasamy, S., Hyde, M. A., Williams, J. M., et al. (2021) · npj Vaccines · doi:10.1038/s41541-021-00352-1 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Poston, D., Weisblum, Y., Wise, H., et al. (2020) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2020.10.08.20209650 · Cited by 30
Korenkov, M., Zehner, M., Cohen‐Dvashi, H., Borenstein-Katz, A., Kottege, L., Janicki, H., Vanshylla, K., Weber, T., Gruell, H., Koch, M., et al. (2023) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2023.11.004 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Broadly neutralizing antibodies to SARS-related viruses can be readily induced in rhesus macaques
He, W.-T., Yuan, M., Callaghan, S., Musharrafieh, R., Song, G., Silva, M., Beutler, N., Lee, W., Yong, P., Torres, J., et al. (2021) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.abl9605 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citationHumoral Immunity against SARS-CoV-2 and the Impact on COVID-19 Pathogenesis
Lee, E.-J., & Oh, J. E. (2021) · Molecules and Cells · doi:10.14348/molcells.2021.0075 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“In contrast, other studies have reported limited pre-existing cross-reactive antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in unexposed individuals (Nguyen-Contant et al., 2020; Poston et al., 2020; Song et al., 2020).”
BackgroundResultFocosi, D., Genoni, A., Lucenteforte, E., et al. (2021) · Life · doi:10.3390/life11040298 · Cited by 28
“There is weak evidence of pre-existing SARS CoV-2 cross-reactive serum antibodies and limited crossreactive memory B cells in pre-pandemic donors [14], and cross-reactivity to NL63 and 229E was more common in sub-Saharan Africa than in the USA [15].”
BackgroundScharf, L., Axelsson, H., Emmanouilidi, A., Mathew, N. R., Sheward, D. J., Leach, S., Isakson, P., Smirnov, I. V., Marklund, E., Miron, N., et al. (2022) · JCI Insight · doi:10.1172/jci.insight.165299 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Li, T., Kan, Q., Ge, J., Wan, Z., Yuan, M., Huang, Y., Xie, Q., Yang, Y., Shao, H., Li, X., et al. (2021) · Cellular and Molecular Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41423-021-00778-6 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Sealy, R. E., & Hurwitz, J. L. (2021) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms9081643 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Seasonal respiratory virus circulation was diminished during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Heiskanen, A., Galipeau, Y., Little, J., Mortimer, L., Ramotar, K., Langlois, M., & Cooper, C. (2022) · Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses · doi:10.1111/irv.13065 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Ng, K. T., Mohd-Ismail, N. K., & Tan, Y. (2021) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines9020178 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“Thus far, there are two anti-S2 neutralizing monoclonal antibodies that have been isolated from COVID-19 patients and reported in preprints, of which one demonstrated the ability of an S2 monoclonal antibody in neutralizing the emerging variant [42,43].”
BackgroundRecent Infection With HCoV-OC43 Is Associated With Protection Against Sars-Cov-2 Infection
Lavell, A. H. A., Sikkens, J. J., Edridge, A. W. D., van der Straten, K., Sechan, F., Oomen, M., Buis, D. T. P., Schinkel, M., Burger, J. A., Poniman, M., et al. (2022) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2022.105105 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“…elicited by previous infections with seasonal human coronaviruses (HCoVs) is therefore of great interest, but studies have yielded conflicting results (Anderson et al., 2021; Dugas et al., 2021; Ladner et al., 2021; Lin et al., 2022a; Ortega et al., 2021; Sagar et al., 2021; Song et al., 2021).”
InfluentialPedersen, J., Koumakpayi, I. H., Babuadze, G. G., Baz, M., Ndiaye, O., Faye, O., Diagne, C. T., Dia, N., Naghibosadat, M., McGeer, A., et al. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-17241-9 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Lawrenz, J., Xie, Q., Zech, F., Weil, T., Seidel, A., Krnavek, D., van der Hoek, L., Münch, J., Müller, J. A., & Kirchhoff, F. (2022) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciac057 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Thus, our results add to the evidence that increased neutralizing activity against seasonal coronaviruses observed after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination may be due to reactivation of memory hCoV B cells rather than cross-neutralizing activity of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies [23,40,41].”
ResultAdaptive immunity to human coronaviruses is widespread but low in magnitude
Tan, H., Lee, W. S., Wragg, K. M., Nelson, C., Esterbauer, R., Kelly, H. G., Amarasena, T. H., Jones, R. M., Starkey, G., Wang, B. Z., et al. (2021) · Clinical & Translational Immunology · doi:10.1002/cti2.1264 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Grant, M. D., Bentley, K., Fielding, C. A., Hatfield, K. M., Ings, D. P., Harnum, D. O. A., Wang, E. C. Y., Stanton, R. J., & Holder, K. A. (2023) · JCI Insight · doi:10.1172/jci.insight.170681 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Innate and adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and predisposing factors
Shen, J., Fan, J., Zhao, Y., Jiang, D., Niu, Z., Zhang, Z., & Cao, G. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1159326 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
SARS-CoV-2 infection and immune responses
Harne, R., Williams, B., Abdelaal, H. F. M., Baldwin, S. L., & Coler, R. N. (2023) · AIMS Microbiology · doi:10.3934/microbiol.2023015 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Antibodies developed from previous infections to coronaviruses conferring pre-existing immunity may cross-react and contribute to SARS-CoV-2-specific neutralizing antibodies including rapid EF IgG immune responses in primary SARS-CoV-2 infection [113,114].”
BackgroundAntibody-mediated immunity to SARS-CoV-2 spike
Errico, J. M., Adams, L. J., & Fremont, D. H. (2022) · Advances in immunology · doi:10.1016/bs.ai.2022.07.001 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“8 were both able to neutralize SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 and bind to hCoV-OC43 and hCoV-HKU1 spike, but displayed no cross-reactivity to MERS (Song et al., 2021).”
InfluentialHeterologous humoral immunity to human and zoonotic coronaviruses: Aiming for the achilles heel
Ng, K. W., Faulkner, N., Wrobel, A. G., Gamblin, S. J., & Kassiotis, G. (2021) · Seminars in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.smim.2021.101507 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Rabaan, A. A., Al-Ahmed, S. H., Albayat, H., Alwarthan, S. M., Alhajri, M. M., Najim, M. A., Alshehail, B. M., Al-Adsani, W., Alghadeer, A., Abduljabbar, W. A., et al. (2023) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina59030507 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
SARS-CoV-2 spike conformation determines plasma neutralizing activityPreprint
Bowen, J. E., Walls, A. C., Joshi, A., Sprouse, K. R., Stewart, C., Tortorici, M. A., Franko, N., Logue, J. K., Mazzitelli, I. G., Tilles, S. W., et al. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.12.19.473391 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Targeting of the prefusion S 2 subunit conformation, as opposed to the postfusion state, makes only a small contribution to overall neutralizing activity due to the low frequency and potency of fusion machinery-specific neutralizing antibodies ( 24 , 28 , 70 ).”
Decay of Fc-dependent antibody functions after mild to moderate COVID-19
Lee, W. S., Selva, K. J., Davis, S. K., Wines, B. D., Reynaldi, A., Esterbauer, R., Kelly, H. G., Haycroft, E. R., Tan, H.-X., Juno, J. A., et al. (2020) · doi:10.1101/2020.12.13.20248143 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Singh, G., Abbad, A., Kleiner, G., Srivastava, K., Gleason, C., PARIS Study Group, Carreño, J. M., Simon, V. R., Krammer, F., Andre, D., et al. (2023) · mBio · doi:10.1128/mbio.02250-23 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“Such antibodies have been 129 isolated with some of them having neutralizing activity although at low potency [9, 11-13].”
BackgroundAmanat, F., Clark, J. J., Carreño, J. M., Strohmeier, S., Yellin, T., Meade, P. S., Bhavsar, D., Muramatsu, H., Sun, W., Coughlan, L., et al. (2023) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.01664-22 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“more conserved S2 subunit, have been shown to cross-react to seasonal β-CoV spike proteins as well 126 (19-24).”
BackgroundElko, E. A., Nelson, G. A., Mead, H., Kelley, E., Carvalho, S. T., Sarbo, N., Harms, C. E., Verche, V. L., Cardoso, A. A., Ely, J. L., et al. (2022) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111022 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Tanunliong, G., Liu, A. C., Kaweski, S. E., Irvine, M. A., Reyes, R. C., Purych, D., Krajden, M., Morshed, M. G., Sekirov, I., Gantt, S. M., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.836449 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Vo, H. T. M., Maestri, A., Auerswald, H., Sorn, S., Lay, S., Seng, H., Sann, S., Ya, N., Pean, P., Dussart, P., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.817905 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Consequently, anti-N IgG rather than anti-S1 IgG can be found in individuals not exposed to SARS-CoV-2 (68, 71, 72).”
BackgroundVanderheijden, N., Stevaert, A., Xie, J., Ren, X., Barbezange, C., Noppen, S., Desombere, I., Verhasselt, B., Geldhof, P., Vereecke, N., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.790415 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“This might involve a recall of pre-existing anti-HCoVOC43 memory B cells (47).”
BackgroundThe S2 subunit of spike encodes diverse targets for functional antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2
Guenthoer, J., Garrett, M. E., Lilly, M., Depierreux, D., Ruiz, F., Chi, M., Stoddard, C. I., Chohan, V., Yaffe, Z. A., Sung, K., et al. (2024) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1012383 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“To date, most S2-specific neutralizing mAbs that have been identified target the FP (816–833) or SH regions (1141–1160) [28,42,43,45,51,98].”
Boland, B. S., Goodwin, B., Zhang, Z., Bloom, N. I., Kato, Y., Neill, J., Le, H., Tysl, T., Collins, A. E., Dulai, P. S., et al. (2022) · Clinical and Translational Gastroenterology · doi:10.14309/ctg.0000000000000484 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Furthermore, it is unclear why IFX monotherapy patients had comparable spike IgG titers, but this may be due to pre-existing endemic coronavirus spike-specific memory B cells because there was no difference in the frequency of spike-specific memory B cells (14).”
Background
- Authors
- Song, G., He, W.-T., Callaghan, S., Anzanello, F., Huang, D., Ricketts, J., Torres, J. L., Beutler, N., Peng, L., Vargas, S., Cassell, J., Parren, M., Yang, L., Ignacio, C., Smith, D. M., Voss, J. E., Nemazee, D., Ward, A. B., Rogers, T., Burton, D. R., & Andrabi, R.
- Affiliations
- Scripps Research Institute (US)
- University of California San Diego (US)
- Corresponding author
- Burton, Dennis R.
- Andrabi, Raiees
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature Communications
- Publisher
- openRxiv
- Published
- 2020-09-23
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 2938-2938
- ISSN
- 2041-1723 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7523096
- OpenAlex
- W3161511556
- Cited by
- 285
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 53 · 2022: 78 · 2021: 85 · 2020: 7
- FWCI
- 19.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature Communications (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (OPP1170236, UM1 AI44462)
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative
- National Institutes of Health (UM1 AI44462, COVID-19)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01AI132317, R01AI073148, R56AI073148)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Virus Infections Studies
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › vaccines and immunoinformatics approaches
- Keywords
- SARS-CoV-2, cross-reactive antibodies, memory B cells, spike protein, endemic coronaviruses, pre-existing immunity, SARS-CoV-1, betacoronaviruses, neutralizing antibodies, S2 subunit, monoclonal antibodies, antibody cross-reactivity, convalescent donors
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