Base Excision Repair
Open accessAbstract
Base excision repair (BER) corrects DNA damage from oxidation, deamination and alkylation. Such base lesions cause little distortion to the DNA helix structure. BER is initiated by a DNA glycosylase that recognizes and removes the damaged base, leaving an abasic site that is further processed by short-patch repair or long-patch repair that largely uses different proteins to complete BER. At least 11 distinct mammalian DNA glycosylases are known, each recognizing a few related lesions, frequently with some overlap in specificities. Impressively, the damaged bases are rapidly identified in a vast excess of normal bases, without a supply of energy. BER protects against cancer, aging, and neurodegeneration and takes place both in nuclei and mitochondria. More recently, an important role of uracil-DNA glycosylase UNG2 in adaptive immunity was revealed. Furthermore, other DNA glycosylases may have important roles in epigenetics, thus expanding the repertoire of BER proteins.
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Oxidative DNA damage is repaired by BER in several steps.
“Oxidative DNA damage is repaired by BER in several steps: (1) DNA glycosylases cleaves the N-glycosidic bond connecting damaged base and the deoxyribose, leaving an abasic site; (2) AP endonucleases process the abasic site and generate a gap; (3) replacement synthesis by DNA polymerases incorporates new dNTPs and DNA ligases seal the resulting nick17,18.”
From Single-cell parallel analysis of DNA damage and transcriptome reveals selective genome vulnerability (2025) · cites this paper as [18]
There are two main classes of glycosylases: monofunctional and bifunctional.
“There are two main classes of glycosylases—monofunctional, and bifunctional [111].”
From Focus on UV-Induced DNA Damage and Repair—Disease Relevance and Protective Strategies (2020) · cites this paper as [111]
Repair both in prokaryotes and eukaryotes is initiated by DNA glycosylases that scan and search for small distortions in DNA helix, then hydrolyze the N-glycosidic bond of the damaged base, leaving an AP-site.
“The repair both in prokaryotes and eukaryotes is initiated by DNA glycosylases that scan, and search for small distortions in DNA helix then hydrolyze the N-glycosidic bond of the damaged base leaving an AP-site.”
From Focus on UV-Induced DNA Damage and Repair—Disease Relevance and Protective Strategies (2020) · cites this paper as [111]
In short-patch BER, the ligation process is carried out by DNA ligase III working together with its cofactor XRCC1.
“The ligation process is carried by DNA ligase III working together with its cofactor X-ray repair cross-complementing protein 1(XRCC1) [111,112,113].”
From Focus on UV-Induced DNA Damage and Repair—Disease Relevance and Protective Strategies (2020) · cites this paper as [111]
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Wu, S., Jiang, L., Lei, L., Fu, C., Huang, J., Hu, Y., Dong, Y., Chen, J., & Zeng, Q. (2023) · Cell Death & Disease · doi:10.1038/s41419-023-05562-0 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Abasic and oxidized ribonucleotides embedded in DNA are processed by human APE1 and not by RNase H2
Malfatti, M. C., Balachander, S., Antoniali, G., Koh, K. D., Saint-Pierre, C., Gasparutto, D., Chon, H., Crouch, R. J., Storici, F., & Tell, G. (2017) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkx723 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Oh, S., Harvey, A., Zimbric, J., Wang, Y., Nguyen, T., Jackson, P. J., & Hendrickson, E. A. (2014) · DNA Repair · doi:10.1016/j.dnarep.2014.04.015 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Non-bulky Lesions in Human DNA: The Ways of Formation, Repair, and Replication
Ignatov, А. V., Bondarenko, K. A., & Makarova, A. V. (2017) · Acta Naturae · doi:10.32607/20758251-2017-9-3-12-26 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Nucleosomes regulate base excision repair in chromatin
Meas, R., Wyrick, J. J., & Smerdon, M. J. (2019) · Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research · doi:10.1016/j.mrrev.2017.10.002 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Breast cancer: miRNAs monitoring chemoresistance and systemic therapy
Singh, S., Saini, H., Sharma, A., Gupta, S., Huddar, V. G., & Tripathi, R. (2023) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2023.1155254 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Transcription Blockage by DNA Damage in Nucleotide Excision Repair-Related Neurological Dysfunctions
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Single-cell parallel analysis of DNA damage and transcriptome reveals selective genome vulnerability
Bai, D., Cao, Z., Attada, N., Song, J., & Zhu, C. (2025) · Nature Methods · doi:10.1038/s41592-025-02632-3 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Architects meets Repairers: the interplay between homeobox genes and DNA repair
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Base excision repair pathways of bacteria: New promise for an old problem
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- Authors
- Krokan, H. E., & Bjoras, M.
- Affiliations
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NO)
- Venue
- Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology
- Publisher
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
- Published
- 2013-04-01
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- a012583-a012583
- ISSN
- 1943-0264 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3683898
- OpenAlex
- W2154111088
- Cited by
- 1,322
- References
- 176
- Citations by year
- 2026: 105 · 2025: 116 · 2024: 133 · 2023: 127 · 2022: 126 · 2021: 146 · 2020: 140 · 2019: 102 · 2018: 87 · 2017: 81 · 2016: 71 · 2015: 49 · 2014: 30 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 3
- Type
- posted content
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Norges Teknisk-Naturvitenskapelige Universitet
- Norges Forskningsråd
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › DNA Repair Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › DNA and Nucleic Acid Chemistry
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Epigenetics and DNA Methylation
- Keywords
- base excision repair, DNA glycosylase, DNA oxidation, deamination, alkylation, abasic sites, short-patch repair, long-patch repair, UNG2, adaptive immunity, epigenetics, mitochondrial DNA repair, cancer prevention, aging, neurodegeneration
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cell Nucleus, DNA, DNA Damage, DNA Repair, Escherichia coli, Humans, Mitochondria, Models, Molecular, Neoplasms, Oxygen, Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases, Protein Conformation, Mutagenesis, Mice, Knockout, DNA Polymerase beta, Epigenesis, Genetic, DNA Glycosylases, Mice
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