Cited by 1,322DNA Repair MechanismsDNA and Nucleic Acid ChemistryEpigenetics and DNA Methylation

Base Excision Repair

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Krokan, H. E., Bjoras, M.·2013·Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology

Abstract

Base excision repair (BER) corrects DNA damage from oxidation, deamination and alkylation. Such base lesions cause little distortion to the DNA helix structure. BER is initiated by a DNA glycosylase that recognizes and removes the damaged base, leaving an abasic site that is further processed by short-patch repair or long-patch repair that largely uses different proteins to complete BER. At least 11 distinct mammalian DNA glycosylases are known, each recognizing a few related lesions, frequently with some overlap in specificities. Impressively, the damaged bases are rapidly identified in a vast excess of normal bases, without a supply of energy. BER protects against cancer, aging, and neurodegeneration and takes place both in nuclei and mitochondria. More recently, an important role of uracil-DNA glycosylase UNG2 in adaptive immunity was revealed. Furthermore, other DNA glycosylases may have important roles in epigenetics, thus expanding the repertoire of BER proteins.

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Crossref · 10.1101/cshperspect.a012583

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  • Oxidative DNA damage is repaired by BER in several steps.

    “Oxidative DNA damage is repaired by BER in several steps: (1) DNA glycosylases cleaves the N-glycosidic bond connecting damaged base and the deoxyribose, leaving an abasic site; (2) AP endonucleases process the abasic site and generate a gap; (3) replacement synthesis by DNA polymerases incorporates new dNTPs and DNA ligases seal the resulting nick17,18.”
  • There are two main classes of glycosylases: monofunctional and bifunctional.

    “There are two main classes of glycosylases—monofunctional, and bifunctional [111].”
  • Repair both in prokaryotes and eukaryotes is initiated by DNA glycosylases that scan and search for small distortions in DNA helix, then hydrolyze the N-glycosidic bond of the damaged base, leaving an AP-site.

    “The repair both in prokaryotes and eukaryotes is initiated by DNA glycosylases that scan, and search for small distortions in DNA helix then hydrolyze the N-glycosidic bond of the damaged base leaving an AP-site.”
  • In short-patch BER, the ligation process is carried out by DNA ligase III working together with its cofactor XRCC1.

    “The ligation process is carried by DNA ligase III working together with its cofactor X-ray repair cross-complementing protein 1(XRCC1) [111,112,113].”

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Authors
Krokan, H. E., & Bjoras, M.
Affiliations
Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NO)
Venue
Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology
Published
2013-04-01
Volume
5
Issue
4
Pages
a012583-a012583
ISSN
1943-0264 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W2154111088
Cited by
1,322
References
176
Citations by year
2026: 105 · 2025: 116 · 2024: 133 · 2023: 127 · 2022: 126 · 2021: 146 · 2020: 140 · 2019: 102 · 2018: 87 · 2017: 81 · 2016: 71 · 2015: 49 · 2014: 30 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 3
Type
posted content
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • Norges Teknisk-Naturvitenskapelige Universitet
  • Norges Forskningsråd
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › DNA Repair Mechanisms
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › DNA and Nucleic Acid Chemistry
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Epigenetics and DNA Methylation
Keywords
base excision repair, DNA glycosylase, DNA oxidation, deamination, alkylation, abasic sites, short-patch repair, long-patch repair, UNG2, adaptive immunity, epigenetics, mitochondrial DNA repair, cancer prevention, aging, neurodegeneration
MeSH terms
Animals, Cell Nucleus, DNA, DNA Damage, DNA Repair, Escherichia coli, Humans, Mitochondria, Models, Molecular, Neoplasms, Oxygen, Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases, Protein Conformation, Mutagenesis, Mice, Knockout, DNA Polymerase beta, Epigenesis, Genetic, DNA Glycosylases, Mice

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