p21 loss compromises the relative quiescence of forebrain stem cell proliferation leading to exhaustion of their proliferation capacity
Open accessAbstract
Adult stem cells in various tissues are relatively quiescent. The cell cycle inhibitor p21 cip1/waf1 (p21) has been shown to be important for maintaining hematopoietic stem cell quiescence and self-renewal. We examined the role of p21 in the regulation of adult mammalian forebrain neural stem cells (NSCs). We found that p21-/- mice between post-natal age 60-240 d have more NSCs than wild-type (+/+) controls due to higher proliferation rates of p21-/- NSCs. Thereafter, NSCs in p21-/- mice decline and are reduced in number at 16 mo relative to p21+/+ mice. Similarly, both p21-/- and p21+/+ NSCs display self-renewal in vitro; however, p21-/- NSCs display limited in vitro self-renewal (surviving a few passages, then exhausting). Thus, p21 contributes to adult NSC relative quiescence, which we propose is necessary for the life-long maintenance of NSC self-renewal because NSCs may be limited to a finite number of divisions.
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Reduced quiescent stem cells in p21-deficient cells correlates with impaired self-renewal and eventual stem cell pool exhaustion.
“The reduced number of quiescent stem cells correlates with impaired self-renewal capacity of p21-deficient cells, which ultimately results in an exhaustion of the stem cell pool65,72.”
From Molecular regulation of stem cell quiescence (2013) · cites this paper as [72]
When cell cycle control is lost, too much proliferation speeds up depletion of these stem cell pools.
“Excessive proliferation caused by loss of cell cycle regulation results in accelerated exhaustion of these stem cell pools.”
From Stem cell aging: mechanisms, regulators and therapeutic opportunities (2014) · cites this paper as [131]
Stem cell exhaustion may be driven by an imbalance between quiescence and proliferation.
“Stem cell exhaustion may also be driven by an imbalance of stem cell quiescence and proliferation.”
From Stem cell aging: mechanisms, regulators and therapeutic opportunities (2014) · cites this paper as [131]
A proper quiescence-proliferation balance is needed to keep the stem cell pool available for repeated tissue regeneration, as shown in Drosophila intestine, HSCs and p21-null neural stem cells.
“Maintaining this balance is crucial to sustain the stem cell pool through multiple rounds of tissue regeneration, as demonstrated by studies in the Drosophila intestine, and in HSCs and neural stem cells of p21-null mice109,130,131.”
From Stem cell aging: mechanisms, regulators and therapeutic opportunities (2014) · cites this paper as [131]
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- Authors
- Kippin, T. E., Martens, D. J., & van der Kooy, D.
- Affiliations
- University of Toronto (CA)
- ORCID
- Kippin, Tod E.
- Venue
- Genes & Development
- Publisher
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
- Published
- 2005-03-15
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 756-767
- ISSN
- 0890-9369 (ISSN-L)
- 1549-5477
- PMC
- PMC1065728
- OpenAlex
- W2169160857
- Cited by
- 442
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 27 · 2014: 36 · 2013: 32 · 2012: 29
- Type
- posted content
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- dx.doi.org
- Locations
- Genes & Development (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Developmental Biology and Gene Regulation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Urology › Hair Growth and Disorders
- Keywords
- p21, neural stem cells, forebrain, stem cell quiescence, self-renewal, cell proliferation, stem cell exhaustion, cell cycle inhibitors, p21 knockout mice
- MeSH terms
- Analysis of Variance, Animals, Bromodeoxyuridine, Cell Count, Cell Cycle, Flow Cytometry, Hematopoietic Stem Cells, Immunohistochemistry, Mice, Mutant Strains, Microscopy, Fluorescence, Prosencephalon, Apoptosis, Cell Cycle Proteins, Cell Proliferation, Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21, Mice
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