Inflammatory mast cells up-regulate angiogenesis during squamous epithelial carcinogenesis
Open accessAbstract
Expression of HPV16 early region genes in basal keratinocytes of transgenic mice elicits a multistage pathway to squamous carcinoma. We report that infiltration by mast cells and activation of the matrix metalloproteinase MMP-9/gelatinase B coincides with the angiogenic switch in premalignant lesions. Mast cells infiltrate hyperplasias, dysplasias, and invasive fronts of carcinomas, but not the core of solid tumors, where they degranulate in close apposition to capillaries and epithelial basement membranes, releasing mast-cell-specific serine proteases MCP-4 (chymase) and MCP-6 (tryptase). MCP-6 is shown to be a mitogen for dermal fibroblasts that proliferate in the reactive stroma, whereas MCP-4 can activate progelatinase B and induce hyperplastic skin to become angiogenic in an in vitro bioassay. Notably, premalignant angiogenesis is abated in a mast-cell-deficient (KITW/KITWWv) HPV16 transgenic mouse. The data indicate that neoplastic progression in this model involves exploitation of an inflammatory response to tissue abnormality. Thus, regulation of angiogenesis during squamous carcinogenesis is biphasic: In hyperplasias, dysplasias, and invading cancer fronts, inflammatory mast cells are conscripted to reorganize stromal architecture and hyperactivate angiogenesis; within the cancer core, upregulation of angiogenesis factors in tumor cells apparently renders them self-sufficient at sustaining neovascularization.
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Neutrophils, mast cells, eosinophils and activated T lymphocytes also contribute to malignancies by releasing extracellular proteases, pro-angiogenic factors and chemokines.
“Genetic and functional experiments indicate that neutrophils, mast cells, eosinophils and activated T lymphocytes also contribute to malignancies by releasing extracellular proteases, pro-angiogenic factors and chemokines11,23–26.”
From Inflammation and cancer (2002) · cites this paper as [24]
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“Interestingly, the profile of infiltrating inflammatory cells in skin is distinct from that in cervix — pre-malignant skin lesions contain, predominantly, infiltrating mast cells and granulocyte”
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“Coussens and colleagues also showed that premalignant angiogenesis is decreased in HPV16-derived cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma in MC-deficient transgenic mice compared with their wild-type counterpart”
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“There is also evidence of a long-term interaction between mast cells and blood vessels, leading to the involvement of mast cells in ANGIOGENESIS”
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“Mast cells promote MMP9-dependent neovascularization of dysplastic tissue and are necessary for triggering the angiogenic switch in a mouse model of skin cance”
BackgroundNew developments in mast cell biology
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“Experiments with WBB6F 1 - Kit W/W-v mice have provided evidence that mast cells can facilitate angiogenesis during early stages of skin carcinogenesi”
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“This regulation is exemplified by positive correlations between numbers of innate immune cells (macrophages, mast cells and neutrophils) infiltrating human tumors with the number of blood vessels [81,82], and by experimental findings in mouse models where attenuating innate immune cell infiltration of premalignant tis…”
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“whereby particular classes of cells are ablated in the tumor have revealed major roles for mast cells and macrophages in tumor progression and for macrophages in promoting metastasis [14,15,16].”
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“Chymotrypsin-like proteinase in human skin (Han et al., 2002) and mast cell derived α and β chymase (Coussens et al., 1999; Fang et al., 1997) have also been reported to activate MMP-9.”
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“Mast cells also secrete proteases such as MMP-2 and MMP-9, which digest ECM and, together with heparin, stimulate heparin-binding pro-angiogenic factors in the tumor microenvironment, thus influencing tumor progression and metastasis (Coussens et al. 1999; Baram et al. 2001; Norrby 2002).”
BackgroundGene expression perturbation in vitro—A growing case for three-dimensional (3D) culture systems
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FcRγ Activation Regulates Inflammation-Associated Squamous Carcinogenesis
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“FcγRIII+ mast cells regulate tissue remodeling, angiogenesis, and keratinocyte hyperproliferation in HPV16 mice (Coussens et al., 1999; Coussens et al., 2000), thus we evaluated whether FcRγ-dependent activation of mast cells was in part necessary for neoplastic progression.”
InfluentialSelf-citationGiraudo, E., Inoue, M., & Hanahan, D. (2004) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci200422087 · Cited by 700 · see citing works
“from cervices and RT-PCR was performed as previously described (18)”
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Interactions between lymphocytes and myeloid cells regulate pro- versus anti-tumor immunity
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“Our own work has demonstrated that CD4+ TH2 cells in mammary tumors promote M2 responses in TAM and IMCs that in turn enhance pulmonary metastasis [25].”
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“The overproduction and unrestrained activity of MMPs have been linked to malignant conversion of tumor cells (Bernhard et al., 1994; Koshiba et al., 1998; Sehgal et al., 1998; Coussens et al., 1999; Sternlicht et al., 1999; Coussens et al., 2000).”
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“More-over, studies in the K14-HPV16 model have shown that mast cells and bone marrow-derived cells promote squamous skin cancer by activating angiogenesis and by reorganizing stromal architecture via MMP9 (Coussens et al , 1999, 2000).”
Inflammation-induced DNA damage, mutations and cancer
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“tumors can even generate their own inflammatory microenvironment to facilitate growth (7, 25, 26).”
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Mast cells promote atherosclerosis by releasing proinflammatory cytokines
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“In an immunoblot analysis, this antibody recognized a 29-kDa band corresponding to mMCP-4 in human papillomavirus transgenic ( Hpv tg ) mouse ear tissue extract”
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“By using mast cell-deficient transgenic mice, the infiltration by mast cells delivering MMP-9activating proteases was linked to the MMP-9-mediated angiogenic switch and resulting tumor angiogenesis in the skin carcinogenesis model (Coussens et al., 1999).”
BackgroundKnow thy neighbor: stromal cells can contribute oncogenic signals
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“The induction of angiogenesis for example, is cruci al to the development and growth of solid tumors and results in the production of ma ny pro-angiogenic TDSFs including VEGF and PlGF from tumor cells and surrou nding stromal cells such as bone marrow-derived macrophages [12], neutrophils [ 13] and mast cells [14].”
BackgroundNew insights into the role of extracellular matrix during tumor onset and progression
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“However, in the remodeling process, most enzymes are produced by stromal cells of the host (Crawford and Matrisian, 1996; Saren et al., 1996).”
BackgroundMacrophages define the invasive microenvironment in breast cancer
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“by these cells [9, 13].”
BackgroundCytokines in cancer immunity and immunotherapy
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“MC deficient tumor-bearing mice show a reduced angiogenesis and metastatic capacity (138, 139).”
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“Mast cells and neutrophils also potentiate the actions of oncogenes encoded by human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) in transgenic mice predisposed to squamous carcinoma development (19, 23).”
BackgroundSelf-citationNorrby, K. (2002) · Apmis · doi:10.1034/j.1600-0463.2002.100501.x · Cited by 378 · see citing works
“Inflammatory cells including mast cells are therefore critical suppliers of MMP-9 to this carcinogenesis pathway (20, 95).”
BackgroundInfluentialImmune cells as mediators of solid tumor metastasis
DeNardo, D. G., Johansson, M., & Coussens, L. M. (2007) · Cancer and Metastasis Reviews · doi:10.1007/s10555-007-9100-0 · Cited by 370 · see citing works
“In addition, MCs indirectly stimulate angiogenesis by secreting serine proteases (chymases and tryptases) that can activate pro-MMPs and stimulate fibroblast proliferation and fibrillar collagen synthesis [21, 30, 43, 44].”
BackgroundSelf-citationKenny, H. A., Kaur, S., Coussens, L. M., & Lengyel, E. R. (2008) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci33775 · Cited by 370 · see citing works
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The metastasis-promoting roles of tumor-associated immune cells
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Nf1-Dependent Tumors Require a Microenvironment Containing Nf1+/−- and c-kit-Dependent Bone Marrow
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Mast cells in atopic dermatitis
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“Current Opinion in Immunology 2009, 21:666–678 autoimmune diseases [8,9], allograft tolerance [10], angiogenesis in tissue repair [11], and carcinogenesis [12,13].”
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Matrix metalloproteinases in tumor progression: focus on basal and squamous cell skin cancer
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“For example, MMP-7 and -9 may both induce tumor angiogenesis or inhibit it by generation of angiostatin (48,109,179).”
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Cytokines as a key component of cancer-related inflammation
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Tumor-Host Interactions: A Far-Reaching Relationship
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Immune escape as a fundamental trait of cancer: focus on IDO
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“, 2006) may serve an important role in epithelial tumorigenesis (Coussens et al., 1999; Muto et al., 2007; Soucek et al., 2007).”
BackgroundMonocyte/macrophage infiltration in tumors: modulators of angiogenesis
Dirkx, A. E. M., Egbrink, M. G. A. O., Wagstaff, J., & Griffioen, A. W. (2006) · Journal of Leukocyte Biology · doi:10.1189/jlb.0905495 · Cited by 326 · see citing works
Cancer and Inflammation: Promise for Biologic Therapy
Demaria, S., Pikarsky, E., Karin, M., Coussens, L. M., Chen, Y., El-Omar, E. M., Trinchieri, G., Dubinett, S. M., Mao, J. T., Szabo, E. M., et al. (2010) · Journal of Immunotherapy · doi:10.1097/cji.0b013e3181d32e74 · Cited by 325 · see citing works
“Preclinical data suggest that they contribute to tumor progression, perhaps by promoting angiogenesis.(15,16) However, clinical data are contradictory showing association of mast cell numbers with poor survival in some studies, and with improved survival in others.”
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Are Mast Cells MASTers in Cancer?
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“Skin Chloroacetate esterase/hematoxylin (98)”
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Stromal cells can contribute oncogenic signals
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Stromal biology of pancreatic cancer
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“As in a mouse model of squamous epithelial carcinogenesis [Bergers et al., 1998; Coussens et al., 1999, 2000; Hoffman et al., 2003], one might speculate that the stroma around the in situ PanINs may promote tumor growth, angiogenesis, ECM remodeling, and assist in tumor invasion, although a neutral…”
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RetractedThree-dimensional context regulation of metastasis
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B Cells Regulate Macrophage Phenotype and Response to Chemotherapy in Squamous Carcinomas
Affara, N. I., Ruffell, B., Medler, T. R., Gunderson, A. J., Johansson, M., Bornstein, S., Bergsland, E. K., Steinhoff, M. S., Li, Y., Gong, Q., et al. (2014) · Cancer Cell · doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2014.04.026 · Cited by 305 · see citing works
“…of multistage epithelial carcinogenesis where HPV16 early region genes are expressed under control of a K14 promoter, i.e., K14-HPV16 mice (Arbeit et al., 1994; Coussens et al., 1996, 1999,2000; Daniel et al., 2003; de Visser et al., 2004, 2005; Rhee et al., 2004; van Kempen et al., 2002).”
Self-citation
- Authors
- Coussens, L. M., Raymond, W. W., Bergers, G., Laig-Webster, M., Behrendtsen, O., Werb, Z., Caughey, G. H., & Hanahan, D.
- Affiliations
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Venue
- Genes & Development
- Publisher
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
- Published
- 1999-06-01
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1382-1397
- ISSN
- 0890-9369 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC316772
- OpenAlex
- W2146440075
- Cited by
- 946
- References
- 87
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 29 · 2016: 39 · 2015: 32 · 2014: 52 · 2013: 32 · 2012: 49
- Type
- posted content
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Genes & Development (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Pfizer
- National Institutes of Health
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL 24136, P01HL024136)
- National Cancer Institute (CA72006, P01CA072006)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Angiogenesis and VEGF in Cancer
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Mast cells and histamine
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Protease and Inhibitor Mechanisms
- Keywords
- mast cells, angiogenesis, squamous cell carcinoma, HPV16, keratinocytes, MMP-9, chymase, tryptase, precancerous lesions, dermal fibroblasts, tumor stroma, inflammation, carcinogenesis, neovascularization
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Carcinoma, Squamous Cell, Extracellular Matrix, Humans, Mast Cells, Mice, Transgenic, Neovascularization, Pathologic, Serine Endopeptidases, Up-Regulation, Inflammation Mediators, Mice, Tryptases, Chymases
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