Immunological hallmarks of stromal cells in the tumour microenvironment
Abstract
A dynamic and mutualistic interaction between tumour cells and the surrounding stroma promotes the initiation, progression, metastasis and chemoresistance of solid tumours. Far less understood is the relationship between the stroma and tumour-infiltrating leukocytes; however, emerging evidence suggests that the stromal compartment can shape antitumour immunity and responsiveness to immunotherapy. Thus, there is growing interest in elucidating the immunomodulatory roles of the stroma that evolve within the tumour microenvironment. In this Review, we discuss the evidence that stromal determinants interact with leukocytes and influence antitumour immunity, with emphasis on the immunological attributes of stromal cells that may foster their protumorigenic function.
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CAFs may also originate from bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells, epithelial-mesenchymal transition of epithelial cells, and endothelial cells that undergo endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition.
“CAFs may also originate from bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells,[ 20 ] epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) of epithelial cells,[ 21 ] and endothelial cells that undergo endothelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition.[ 22 ]”
From 3D Biomimetic Models to Reconstitute Tumor Microenvironment In Vitro: Spheroids, Organoids, and Tumor‐on‐a‐Chip (2023) · cites this paper as [21]
CAFs show characteristics of activated fibroblasts and/or myofibroblasts, consistent with the chronic inflammation and mechanical tension in tumors.
“CAFs show characteristics of activated fibroblasts and/or myofibroblasts, consistent with the chronic inflammation and mechanical tension in tumors12,233,234.”
From TGFβ biology in cancer progression and immunotherapy (2021) · cites this paper as [12]
Structural cells (epithelium, endothelium, and fibroblasts) have been shown to contribute in important ways to mammalian immunity.
“These three cell types, which we refer to as “structural cells”, have been shown to contribute in important ways to mammalian immunity7–11.”
From Structural cells are key regulators of organ-specific immune responses (2020) · cites this paper as [11]
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- Authors
- Turley, S. J., Cremasco, V., & Astarita, J. L.
- Affiliations
- Genentech (US)
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (US)
- Corresponding author
- Turley, Shannon J.
- Venue
- Nature Reviews Immunology
- Published
- 2015-10-16
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 669-682
- ISSN
- 1474-1733 (ISSN-L)
- 1474-1741
- OpenAlex
- W1767508090
- Cited by
- 1,140
- References
- 152
- Citations by year
- 2026: 38 · 2025: 81 · 2024: 127 · 2023: 167 · 2022: 168 · 2021: 163 · 2020: 129 · 2019: 73 · 2018: 79 · 2017: 65 · 2016: 46 · 2015: 3
- FWCI
- 6.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Nature reviews. Immunology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Immunotherapy and Biomarkers
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune cells in cancer
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Cells and Metastasis
- Keywords
- tumor microenvironment, tumor stroma, stromal cells, antitumor immunity, immunotherapy response, immunomodulation, tumor-stroma interactions, chemoresistance, metastasis, tumor progression
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cell Communication, Cell Movement, Cytotoxicity, Immunologic, Extracellular Matrix, Fibroblasts, Humans, Leukocytes, Stromal Cells, Tumor Microenvironment, Mesenchymal Stem Cells
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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