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Brillouin amplification supports1×10−20uncertainty in optical frequency transfer over 1400 km of underground fiber
Open accessAbstract
Optical frequency transfer with record-high accuracy ($1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{-20}$ uncertainty) is realized over a 1400km loop of underground fiber between Braunschweig and Strasbourg, which enables reliable comparison of state-of-the-art atomic clocks that are accurate enough to detect changes in the fabric of space-time.
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“The evaluation factors of optical fiber frequency transmission systems are usually 1-s stability, the system noise floor, and the time to reach the system noise floor [33,44].”
From Performance Evaluation and Requirement Analysis for Chronometric Leveling with High-Accuracy Optical Clocks (2022) · cites this paper as [33]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“At present, the gravitational redshift effect has been tested at the order of 10 -21 in the laboratory, and the optical fiber frequency transmission technique could basically meet the demand for clock comparison [20,21,33,53].”
From Performance Evaluation and Requirement Analysis for Chronometric Leveling with High-Accuracy Optical Clocks (2022) · cites this paper as [33]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
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“The fi ber links can achieve stability better than 10 -19 over about 1,400 km (Raupach et al., 2015).”
From Time transfer and significance of vertical land motion in relativistic geodesy applications: a review paper (2023) · cites this paper as Raupach et al., 2015
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“Millimeter/ submillimeter level of accuracy (order of 10 -19 and 10 -20 ) is claimed in Raupach and Grosche, (2014); Raupach et al. (2015) for the stability of the optical frequency time transfer.”
From Time transfer and significance of vertical land motion in relativistic geodesy applications: a review paper (2023) · cites this paper as Raupach et al. (2015)
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In the citing paper
“The instability is limited by the transportable clock Sr2, whereas that of Sr1 is about an order of magnitude lower [33].”
From Long-distance chronometric leveling with a portable optical clock (2024) · cites this paper as [33]
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Citations
Cites
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Metadata
- Authors
- Raupach, S. M. F., Koczwara, A., & Grosche, G.
- Affiliations
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (DE)
- Venue
- Physical Review A
- Publisher
- American Physical Society (APS)
- Published
- 2015-08-24
- Volume
- 92
- Issue
- 2
- ISSN
- 0556-2791 (ISSN-L)
- 1050-2947
- 1094-1622
- OpenAlex
- W2286251822
- Cited by
- 101
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2025: 9 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 3
- FWCI
- 3.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- arxiv.org
- Locations
- Physical Review A (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- European Association of National Metrology Institutes
- European Commission
- Université de Strasbourg
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Advanced Frequency and Time Standards
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Quantum Information and Cryptography
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Advanced Photonic Communication Systems
- Keywords
- optical frequency transfer, Brillouin amplification, atomic clock comparison, frequency stability, long-haul optical links
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