p -type Bi 2 Se 3 for topological insulator and low-temperature thermoelectric applications
Open accessAbstract
The growth and elementary properties of $p$-type ${\text{Bi}}_{2}{\text{Se}}_{3}$ single crystals are reported. Based on a hypothesis about the defect chemistry of ${\text{Bi}}_{2}{\text{Se}}_{3}$, the $p$-type behavior has been induced through low-level substitutions (1% or less) of Ca for Bi. Scanning tunneling microscopy is employed to image the defects and establish their charge. Tunneling and angle-resolved photoemission spectra show that the Fermi level has been lowered into the valence band by about 400 meV in ${\text{Bi}}_{1.98}{\text{Ca}}_{0.02}{\text{Se}}_{3}$ relative to the $n$-type material. $p$-type single crystals with $ab$-plane Seebeck coefficients of $+180\text{ }\ensuremath{\mu}\text{V}/\text{K}$ at room temperature are reported. These crystals show an anomalous peak in the Seebeck coefficient at low temperatures, reaching $+120\text{ }\ensuremath{\mu}\text{V}\text{ }{\text{K}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ at 7 K, giving them a high thermoelectric power factor at low temperatures. In addition to its interesting thermoelectric properties, $p$-type ${\text{Bi}}_{2}{\text{Se}}_{3}$ is of substantial interest for studies of technologies and phenomena proposed for topological insulators.
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Detailed and systematic surface investigations of Bi2Se3, Bi2Te3, and Sb2Te3 confirmed the topological band-structure of all three of these materials.
“Subsequently, detailed and systematic surface investigations of Bi 2 Se 3 (23,29,30); Bi 2 Te 3 (31,23,32,33) and Sb 2 Te 3 (32) confirmed the topological band-structure of all 3 of these materials.”
From Three-Dimensional Topological Insulators (2011) · cites this paper as [29]
The carrier concentration of Cu0.12Bi2Se3 is one order of magnitude higher than native Bi2Se3 and two orders of magnitude higher than Ca-doped Bi2Se3.
“This carrier concentration is one order of magnitude higher than is found in native Bi2 Se3 24,25 , and two orders of magnitude higher than is found for crystals with chemical potentials tuned by Ca doping 28,29 .”
Cu acts as an ambipolar dopant in Bi2Se3.
“it was concluded that Cu acts as an ambipolar dopant.”
Topological insulators were recently proposed and shortly afterwards discovered in the Bi1-xSbx and Bi2Se3 materials.
“They were recently proposed [2-4] and shortly afterwards discovered in the Bi1 x Sb x [5,6] and Bi2 Se 3 [7,8] materials.”
From Observation of Time-Reversal-Protected Single-Dirac-Cone Topological-Insulator States in Bi2Te3 and Sb2Te3 (2009) · cites this paper as [8]
The system is likely significantly delayed in achieving equilibrium by local lattice or charge density fluctuations such as may arise from site defects, which are prominent in such materials.
“The system is likely to be significantly delayed in achieving equilibrium by local lattice or charge density fluctuations such as may arise from site defects, which are prominent in such materials [8,26].”
From Observation of Time-Reversal-Protected Single-Dirac-Cone Topological-Insulator States in Bi2Te3 and Sb2Te3 (2009) · cites this paper as [8]
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- Authors
- Hor, Y. S., Richardella, A., Roushan, P., Xia, Y., Checkelsky, J. G., Yazdani, A., Hasan, M. Z., Ong, N. P., & Cava, R. J.
- Affiliations
- Princeton University (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Physical Review B
- Publisher
- American Physical Society (APS)
- Published
- 2009-05-21
- Volume
- 79
- Issue
- 19
- ISSN
- 1098-0121 (ISSN-L)
- 1550-235X
- OpenAlex
- W2007208171
- Cited by
- 647
- References
- 23
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 42 · 2019: 36 · 2018: 38 · 2017: 41 · 2016: 53 · 2015: 48 · 2014: 58 · 2013: 48 · 2012: 56
- FWCI
- 22.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- arxiv.org
- Locations
- Physical Review B (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Advanced Thermoelectric Materials and Devices
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Topological Materials and Phenomena
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › 2D Materials and Applications
- Keywords
- Bi2Se3, topological insulators, thermoelectric properties, Seebeck coefficient, thermoelectric power factor, low-temperature thermoelectricity, calcium substitution, defect chemistry, Fermi level position, single crystal growth, scanning tunneling microscopy, angle-resolved photoemission
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