Securing Fog Computing for Internet of Things Applications: Challenges and Solutions
Abstract
Internet of Things (IoT) allows billions of physical objects to be connected to collect and exchange data for offering various applications, such as environmental monitoring, infrastructure management, and home automation. On the other hand, IoT has unsupported features (e.g., low latency, location awareness, and geographic distribution) that are critical for some IoT applications, including smart traffic lights, home energy management and augmented reality. To support these features, fog computing is integrated into IoT to extend computing, storage and networking resources to the network edge. Unfortunately, it is confronted with various security and privacy risks, which raise serious concerns towards users. In this survey, we review the architecture and features of fog computing and study critical roles of fog nodes, including real-time services, transient storage, data dissemination and decentralized computation. We also examine fog-assisted IoT applications based on different roles of fog nodes. Then, we present security and privacy threats towards IoT applications and discuss the security and privacy requirements in fog computing. Further, we demonstrate potential challenges to secure fog computing and review the state-of-the-art solutions used to address security and privacy issues in fog computing for IoT applications. Finally, by defining several open research issues, it is expected to draw more attention and efforts into this new architecture.
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Fog computing offers the advantages of low latency and high computational capacity for IoT applications.
“Fog computing offers the advantages of low latency and high computational capacity for IoT applications [17], [18].”
From Empowering things with intelligence: a survey of the progress, challenges, and opportunities in artificial intelligence of things (2021) · cites this paper as [18]
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“have distinctive features, such as decentralized infrastructure, mobility support, location awareness, and low latency [103], which make them vulnerable to various security and privacy threats [104], [105].”
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“Edge-computing nodes are vulnerable to other security attacks, as follows [157]:”
BackgroundEdge and fog computing for IoT: A survey on current research activities & future directions
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“R EAL-WORLD Internet of Things (IoT) [1]–[4] deployments are fundamentally heterogeneous.”
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“[15] presents the security issue in fog computing for IoT.”
BackgroundThe Security of Big Data in Fog-Enabled IoT Applications Including Blockchain: A Survey
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“An effective technique is the cooperative authentication mechanism [8], which focuses on the minimization of authentication overhead by removing redundant authentication messages to reduce the delay caused by the authentication process.”
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A Survey on Security Threats and Countermeasures in Internet of Medical Things (IoMT)
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Efficient and Privacy-Preserving Carpooling Using Blockchain-Assisted Vehicular Fog Computing
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BackgroundGreen Internet of Things (GIoT): Applications, Practices, Awareness, and Challenges
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BackgroundTrust management in a blockchain based fog computing platform with trustless smart oracles
Kochovski, P., Gec, S., Stankovski, V., Bajec, M., & Drobintsev, P. D. (2019) · Future Generation Computer Systems · doi:10.1016/j.future.2019.07.030 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
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Recent Advances in Evolving Computing Paradigms: Cloud, Edge, and Fog Technologies
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FEMTO: Fair and Energy-Minimized Task Offloading for Fog-Enabled IoT Networks
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“To cope with these challenges existing in the cloud-based networks, the concept of fog computing has been proposed, which can provide better support for the diverse IoT applications [11], [12].”
BackgroundVehicle communication network in intelligent transportation system based on Internet of Things
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Providing Task Allocation and Secure Deduplication for Mobile Crowdsensing via Fog Computing
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BackgroundCapsule Network Assisted IoT Traffic Classification Mechanism for Smart Cities
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“IN RECENT years, the Internet of Things (IoT) has witnessed its success in a range of compelling applications [1]–[5].”
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Cost-Efficient Deployment of Fog Computing Systems at Logistics Centers in Industry 4.0
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“The fog computing has a lot of various applications [20], [21].”
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“unlike CC, EC cannot support heavy-weight software [49].”
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“However, as with many new technologies, there are several challenges with regards to achieving success in the cloud-based IoT context [4]–[6] and IoT environment [7], [8].”
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BackgroundDATS: Dispersive Stable Task Scheduling in Heterogeneous Fog Networks
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BackgroundA Mechanism for Securing IoT-enabled Applications at the Fog Layer
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InfluentialEmerging trends, issues and challenges in Internet of Things, Big Data and cloud computing
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“17 , 62–64”
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A Privacy-Preserving Charging Scheme for Electric Vehicles Using Blockchain and Fog Computing
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“However, the extensive use of fog computing devices has raised concerns about data security and user privacy [6].”
BackgroundFine-grained data access control with attribute-hiding policy for cloud-based IoT
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“…(IoT) is the network of physical “things”, such as smart phones, sensors, and wearable devices, that enables these things to connect and exchange data, creating opportunities to improve our daily lives in different domains including electronic healthcare, smart home and transportation [1–3] .”
BackgroundSelf-citationAd Hoc Vehicular Fog Enabling Cooperative Low-Latency Intrusion Detection
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BackgroundFog-based smart homes: A systematic review
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BackgroundCertificate-Based Anonymous Device Access Control Scheme for IoT Environment
Malani, S., Jangirala, S., Das, A. K., Srinathan, K., & Jo, M. (2019) · IEEE Internet of Things Journal · doi:10.1109/jiot.2019.2931372 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
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BackgroundFog computing security and privacy for the Internet of Thing applications: State‐of‐the‐art
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“5,29,58,59 TA B L E 1 Security and privacy threats in Fog computing”
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Intelligent workload allocation in IoT–Fog–cloud architecture towards mobile edge computing
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Workload Allocation in IoT-Fog-Cloud Architecture Using a Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm
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“Moreover, there are cross-layer networks and physical-social systems, among many others[9].”
BackgroundState-of-the-Art Review on IoT Threats and Attacks: Taxonomy, Challenges and Solutions
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Application placement in Fog computing with AI approach: Taxonomy and a state of the art survey
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Chronos+: An Accurate Blockchain-based Time-stamping Scheme for Cloud Storage
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“In the last decade, we have witnessed the explosive generation of digital data, which causes users the data management problem [26], [27], [28], [29].”
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“Thus, the potential security risks, backbone traffic, energy consumption, service delay, and costs will be greatly reduced [9], [10].”
BackgroundA two-way trust management system for fog computing
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IoT-Guard: Event-Driven Fog-Based Video Surveillance System for Real-Time Security Management
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A Detection and Prevention Technique for Man in the Middle Attack in Fog Computing
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Energy and Information Management of Electric Vehicular Network: A Survey
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“The users’ privacy can be divided into four aspects: identity privacy, data privacy, location privacy, and usage privacy [148].”
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Self-citationSecurity in Internet of Things: A Review
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Efficient and privacy preserving access control scheme for fog-enabled IoT
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Key Technologies and challenges in IoT Edge Computing
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“Edge computing cannot replace [18] cloud compute; however they are beneficial to the different extremely large scale IoT applications.”
BackgroundIoT based Smart home: Security Aspects and security architecture
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Fog Computing for Smart Cities’ Big Data Management and Analytics: A Review
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“Ni et al. [107] analyzed the security and privacy challenges in fog computing.”
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“Ni et al. [15] explained the role of fog nodes in various IoT applications.”
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Emotion-Aware Multimedia Systems Security
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“However, the current edge-based access control strategies basically require trusted third parties to assist in the completion, and many research efforts assume that the edge cloud nodes are completely trusted [25], [26].”
BackgroundA Mobile Code-driven Trust Mechanism for detecting internal attacks in sensor node-powered IoT
Tariq, N., Asim, M., Maamar, Z., Farooqi, M. Z., Faci, N., & Baker, T. (2019) · Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing · doi:10.1016/j.jpdc.2019.08.013 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
“IoT is the backbone of many smart applications related to process automation, traffic monitoring, unmanned vehicles, to cite just a few (e.g., [1] and [2]).”
Data Allocation Mechanism for Internet-of-Things Systems With Blockchain
Yánez-Pazmiño, W., Mahmud, R., Rami Bahsoon, A., Zhang, Y., & Buyya, R. (2020) · IEEE Internet of Things Journal · doi:10.1109/jiot.2020.2972776 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
“, controllers, switches, gateways, and embedded servers) that process and analyze IoT data close to the devices instead of sending it to the cloud [28].”
BackgroundNazir, A., He, J., Zhu, N., Anwar, M. S., & Pathan, M. S. (2024) · Cluster Computing · doi:10.1007/s10586-024-04436-0 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
“The scalability and privacy challenges inherent in centralized security models, as discussed by Kouicem et al. [7] and Malhotra et al. [8], have paved the way for decentralized and adaptive security solutions that align with the intrinsic structure of IoT [9, 10].”
Yu, Y., Bu, X., Yang, K., Wu, Z., & Han, Z. (2018) · IEEE Internet of Things Journal · doi:10.1109/jiot.2018.2875587 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
“There are many challenges for IoT applications [4].”
Background
- Authors
- Ni, J., Zhang, K., Lin, X., & Shen, X.
- Affiliations
- University of Waterloo (CA)
- University of Nebraska–Lincoln (US)
- Wilfrid Laurier University (CA)
- Venue
- IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials
- Published
- 2018
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 601-628
- ISSN
- 1553-877X (ISSN-L)
- 2373-745X
- OpenAlex
- W2763925543
- Cited by
- 659
- References
- 211
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 37 · 2024: 48 · 2023: 81 · 2022: 94 · 2021: 106 · 2020: 103 · 2019: 103 · 2018: 70 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 50.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (61728102)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Networks and Communications › IoT and Edge/Fog Computing
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Internet of Things and AI
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
- Keywords
- fog computing, Internet of Things, fog computing security, privacy, fog nodes, security threats, privacy requirements, edge computing, decentralized computing, data dissemination, real-time services, transient storage, open problems
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