Haptic Codecs for the Tactile Internet
Open accessAbstract
The Tactile Internet will enable users to physically explore remote environments and to make their skills available across distances. An important technological aspect in this context is the acquisition, compression, transmission, and display of haptic information. In this paper, we present the fundamentals and state of the art in haptic codec design for the Tactile Internet. The discussion covers both kinesthetic data reduction and tactile signal compression approaches. We put a special focus on how limitations of the human haptic perception system can be exploited for efficient perceptual coding of kinesthetic and tactile information. Further aspects addressed in this paper are the multiplexing of audio and video with haptic information and the quality evaluation of haptic communication solutions. Finally, we describe the current status of the ongoing IEEE standardization activity P1918.1.1 which has the ambition to standardize the first set of codecs for kinesthetic and tactile information exchange across communication networks.
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Self-citationTowards an objective quality evaluation framework for haptic data reduction
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Self-citationData-Driven Modeling of Anisotropic Haptic Textures: Data Segmentation and Interpolation
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Application of a Redundant Haptic Interface in Enhancing Soft-Tissue Stiffness Discrimination
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Toward a Mathematical Model for Quality of Experience Evaluation of Haptic Applications
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Self-citationPerceptual coding of haptic data in time-delayed teleoperation
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Self-citationHAMLAT: A HAML-Based Authoring Tool for Haptic Application Development
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Self-citationHaptic Rendering and Psychophysical Evaluation of a Virtual Three-Dimensional Helical Spring
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Vibrotactile forward masking as a function of age
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A Perceptual Quality Metric for Haptic Signals
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Geometry-based haptic texture modeling and rendering using photometric stereo
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HSSIM: An Objective Haptic Quality Assessment Measure for Force-Feedback Signals
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Self-citationUser-based evaluation of data-driven haptic rendering
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Dynamic simulation of tool-mediated texture interaction
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Proton: A visuo-haptic data acquisition system for robotic learning of surface properties
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A candidate hardware and software reference setup for kinesthetic codec standardization
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Self-citationHardness Perception Based on Dynamic Stiffness in Tapping
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Self-citationStandards: Multimedia interchange using SGML/HyTime
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Self-citationAdaptive Coding and Packet Rates for TCP-Friendly VoIP Flows
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MPEG-7 Description of Haptic Applications Using HAML
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Kinesthetic and vibrotactile haptic feedback improves the performance of laser microsurgery
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Perceptual dimensions of vibrotactile actuators
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High-bandwidth tribometry as a means of recording natural textures
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Admux Communication Protrocol for Real-Time Multimodal Intreaction
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Vibrotactile feedback for aiding robot kinesthetic teaching of manipulation tasks
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Haptic Data Compression Based on a Linear Prediction Model and Quadratic Curve Reconstruction
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
She, C., Sun, C., Gu, Z., Li, Y., Yang, C., Poor, H. V., & Vucetic, B. (2021) · Proceedings of the IEEE · doi:10.1109/jproc.2021.3053601 · Cited by 405 · see citing works
“…in future wireless networks, we need to investigate the fundamental tradeoffs among through-put, energy efficiency, reliability, and latency in communications, caching, and computing systems [35], as well as enabling technologies, such as touch user interface and haptic codecs [283], [284].”
BackgroundMultimedia Internet of Things: A Comprehensive Survey
Nauman, A., Qadri, Y. A., Amjad, M. F., Zikria, Y. B., Afzal, M. K., & Kim, S. W. (2020) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2020.2964280 · Cited by 333 · see citing works
“Compression of tactile information, intelligent and scalable network traffic engineering for audio and video, and edge caching and computing for AR/VR has received very little attention [352]–[354].”
BackgroundWhen Internet of Things Meets Metaverse: Convergence of Physical and Cyber Worlds
Li, K., Cui, Y., Li, W., Lv, T., Yuan, X., Li, S., Ni, W., Simsek, M., & Dressler, F. (2022) · IEEE Internet of Things Journal · doi:10.1109/jiot.2022.3232845 · Cited by 289 · see citing works
“1) [10] to make a group meeting productive since the users can interact with each other while operating or demonstrating a replica of the hardware or software prototype.”
BackgroundSmart Tactile Gloves for Haptic Interaction, Communication, and Rehabilitation
Ozioko, O., & Dahiya, R. (2021) · Advanced Intelligent Systems · doi:10.1002/aisy.202100091 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Hussein, N. H., Yaw, C. T., Koh, S. P., Kiong, T. S., & Chong, K. H. (2022) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2022.3198656 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
“, vocal, visual, and haptic) of Tactile communication information while reducing overall delay [282] .”
BackgroundThe IEEE 1918.1 “Tactile Internet” Standards Working Group and its Standards
Holland, O., Steinbach, E., Prasad, R. V., Liu, Q., Dawy, Z., Aijaz, A., Pappas, N., Chandra, K., Rao, V. S., Oteafy, S., et al. (2019) · Proceedings of the IEEE · doi:10.1109/jproc.2018.2885541 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Self-citationArtificial intelligence powered Metaverse: analysis, challenges and future perspectives
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“1.1) (Steinbach et al. 2018).”
InfluentialA Comprehensive Survey of the Tactile Internet: State-of-the-Art and Research Directions
Promwongsa, N., Ebrahimzadeh, A., Naboulsi, D., Kianpisheh, S., Belqasmi, F., Glitho, R., Crespi, N., & Alfandi, O. (2020) · IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials · doi:10.1109/comst.2020.3025995 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
“Table II briefly summarizes the comparison between the haptic aspects of the Tactile Internet teleoperation systems (for more detailed discussions, the interested reader is referred to [10], [20], [21]).”
BackgroundInfluentialToward immersive communications in 6G
Shen, X. (., Gao, J., Li, M., Zhou, C., Hu, S., He, M., & Zhuang, W. (2023) · Frontiers in Computer Science · doi:10.3389/fcomp.2022.1068478 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
“Data rate reduction Perceptual haptic reduction (Steinbach et al., 2018; Holland et al., 2019) Require adaptive human perception modeling”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialURLLC in Beyond 5G and 6G Networks: An Interference Management Perspective
Siddiqui, M. U. A., Abumarshoud, H., Bariah, L., Muhaidat, S., Imran, M. A., & Mohjazi, L. (2023) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2023.3282363 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
“Modern AR/VR and pertinent applications require further investigation on the fundamental trade-offs among latency, throughput, seamless connectivity, and channel reliability in communications, computing systems, and user interfaces as well as haptic codecs [167], [168].”
BackgroundSefati, S. S., & Halunga, S. V. (2023) · Transactions on Emerging Telecommunications Technologies · doi:10.1002/ett.4770 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
“77 In TI applications, the haptic experience is also bilateral 78 ; for example, in a teleconferencing environment, the teleoperator receives motion while the environment’s communication is transmitted back to the Human System Interface (HSI).”
BackgroundCross-Modal Collaborative Communications
Zhou, L., Wu, D., Chen, J., & Wei, X. (2019) · IEEE Wireless Communications · doi:10.1109/mwc.001.1900201 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
“It is worth noting, however, that due to the diverse and various proportions and degrees of integration of audio, video, and haptic signals, there are significant differences among cross-modal services in terms of signal processing, transmission, and display [6].”
BackgroundPre-Trained Convolutional Neural Networks for Breast Cancer Detection Using Ultrasound Images
Masud, M., Hossain, M. S., Alhumyani, H. A., Alshamrani, S. S., Cheikhrouhou, O., Ibrahim, S., Muhammad, G., Rashed, A. E. E., & Gupta, B. B. (2021) · ACM Transactions on Internet Technology · doi:10.1145/3418355 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Cross-Modal Stream Scheduling for eHealth
Zhou, L., Wu, D., Wei, X., et al. (2020) · IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications · doi:10.1109/jsac.2020.3021543 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“The readers can be referred to [22] for more introduction on the haptic coding.”
BackgroundPVC-SLP: Perceptual Vibrotactile-Signal Compression Based-on Sparse Linear Prediction
Hassen, R., Güleçyüz, B., & Steinbach, E. G. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Multimedia · doi:10.1109/tmm.2020.3042674 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Self-citationFazio, R. D., Mastronardi, V., Petruzzi, M., Vittorio, M. D., & Visconti, P. (2022) · Future Internet · doi:10.3390/fi15010014 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“…on intelligent wearable systems such as HMIs can be expected thanks to the outstanding advancements in emerging technologies such as 5G/6G communication, the Internet of things (IoT) [90–92], tactile Internet [93], machine learning, image processing [94,95], and neural data processing [96,97].”
BackgroundEEG-Based Neurohaptics Research: A Literature Review
Alsuradi, H., Park, W., & Eid, M. A. (2020) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2020.2979855 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“With the driving force of Tactile Internet [115], [116], it is crucial to investigate the role of touchscreen-based tactile feedback on the user experience.”
BackgroundSelf-citationA Rate-scalable Perceptual Wavelet-based Vibrotactile Codec
Noll, A., Güleçyüz, B., Hofmann, A., & Steinbach, E. G. (2020) · IEEE Haptics Symposium · doi:10.1109/haptics45997.2020.ras.hap20.6.422bbc6e · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“An overview of this ongoing standardization activity was published in [11].”
BackgroundSelf-citationVC-PWQ: Vibrotactile Signal Compression based on Perceptual Wavelet Quantization
Noll, A., Nockenberg, L., Güleçyüz, B., et al. (2021) · IEEE World Haptics Conference (WHC) · doi:10.1109/whc49131.2021.9517217 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“Focusing on the tactile sense, vibrotactile signal processing and rendering has received the most attention so far [3], [4].”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationRealizing In-Memory Baseband Processing for Ultrafast and Energy-Efficient 6G
Zeng, Q., Liu, J., Jiang, M., Lan, J., Gong, Y., Wang, Z., Li, Y., Li, C., Ignowski, J., & Huang, K. (2023) · IEEE Internet of Things Journal · doi:10.1109/jiot.2023.3307405 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“This coined the term ultrafast-and-energy-efficient (UFEE) communication and will enable a wide range of emerging applications, for example, industrial automation [7], [8], tactile Internet [9], [10], [11], holographic communications [12], [13], and digital twin [14], [15].”
BackgroundTactile Internet with Human-in-the-Loop: New frontiers of transdisciplinary research
Fitzek, F. H. P., Li, S., Speidel, S., & Strufe, T. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-821343-8.00010-1 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Cross-Modal Transmission Strategy
Wei, X., Zhang, M., & Zhou, L. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology · doi:10.1109/tcsvt.2021.3105130 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
High Efficiency Vibrotactile Codec Based on Gate Recurrent Network
Zhao, T., Fang, Y., Wang, K., Liu, Q., & Niu, Y. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Multimedia · doi:10.1109/tmm.2022.3186440 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“Combining the haptics and audio-visual information, we are able to realize a multimedia system of high sense of immersion, where users perceive remote or virtual objects by au-dition, vision and haptics [5].”
BackgroundSelf-citationResource Allocation for Multi-Traffic in Cross-Modal Communications
Wang, L., Yin, A., Jiang, X. P., et al. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management · doi:10.1109/tnsm.2022.3207776 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“Moreover, tactile signals normally arrive in a random and burst way, and its data packets are smaller than video data packets [12], [13].”
BackgroundShe, C., Sun, C., Gu, Z., et al. (2020) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2009.06010 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“To implement VR/AR applications in future wireless networks, we need to investigate the fundamental tradeoffs among throughput, energy efficiency, reliability, and latency in communications, caching, and computing systems [34], as well as enabling technologies such as touch user interface and haptic codecs [283, 284].”
MethodHassen, R., & Steinbach, E. G. (2019) · IEEE World Haptics Conference (WHC) · doi:10.1109/whc.2019.8816110 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“Recent standardization efforts for TI (Tactile Internet) [3] and haptic codecs activities [4] have paved the route for delivering touch experiences in synchrony with audio and visual interaction components.”
BackgroundSelf-citationHaptic Communication: Toward 5G Tactile Internet
Qiao, Y., Zheng, Q., Lin, Y., et al. (2020) · Cross Strait Radio Science & Wireless Technology Conference (CSRSWTC) · doi:10.1109/csrswtc50769.2020.9372659 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“The haptic information is captured by haptic devices at a signal sampling rate of 1kHz or higher to ensure the stability and immersion of the haptic communication system [10].”
BackgroundInfluentialTowards Enabling Haptic Communications over 6G: Issues and Challenges
Awais, M., Khan, F. U., Zafar, M., Mudassar, M., Zaheer, M. Z., Cheema, K. M., Kamran, M., & Jung, W.-S. (2023) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics12132955 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Perception-Lossless Codec of Haptic Data with Low Delay
Zeng, C., Zhao, T., Liu, Q., Xu, Y., & Wang, K. (2020) · ACM International Conference on Multimedia (ACM MM) · doi:10.1145/3394171.3413728 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“Recently, haptic devices promote to expand Poster Session B3: Multimedia System and Middleware & Multimedia Telepresence and Virtual/Augmented Reality more DoF [4, 36], and transmit a larger volume of data.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationMultilayer Network Optimization for 5G & 6G
Ramírez-Arroyo, A., Zapata-Cano, P. H., Palomares‐Caballero, Á., et al. (2020) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2020.3036744 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“…coordinating the review of this manuscript and approving it for publication was Javed Iqbal . reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR), which do not only require large bandwidths, but also challenging requirements such as a massive number of connections and ultra-low and reliable latency [3]–[5].”
BackgroundAchieving Energy-Efficient Uplink URLLC With MIMO-Aided Grant-Free Access
Zhao, L., Yang, S., Chi, X., et al. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications · doi:10.1109/twc.2021.3104043 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Cross-modal communication technology: A survey
Wei, X., Wu, D., Zhou, L., & Guizani, M. (2023) · Fundamental Research · doi:10.1016/j.fmre.2023.08.002 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Stein-bach et al. [21] proposes two coding schemes for tactile signals.”
Model Mediation to Overcome Light Limitations—Toward a Secure Tactile Internet System
Ateya, A. A., Muthanna, A., Vybornova, A., Андреевна, Г. И., Gaidamaka, Y. V., Abuarqoub, A., Algarni, A. D., & Koucheryavy, A. (2019) · Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks · doi:10.3390/jsan8010006 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Noll, A., Hofbauer, M., Muschter, E., et al. (2022) · IEEE Haptics Symposium · doi:10.1109/haptics52432.2022.9765599 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Concerning the tactile domain, the ongoing standardization efforts for Tactile Internet and haptic codecs [2] have come to fruition in vibrotactile codec proposals such as [3]–[5], which allow for compressing vibrotactile signals in a similar way as acoustic and visual signals.”
BackgroundSelf-citationQoS Provisioning: Key Drivers and Enablers Toward the Tactile Internet in Beyond 5G Era
Islam, M. Z., Ali, R., Haider, A., & Kim, H. S. (2022) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2022.3197900 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“1.1 considering these haptic classifications, providing a standardized haptic codec structure, with requirement details [120].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialTactile IoT and 5G & beyond schemes as key enabling technologies for the future metaverse
Tychola, K. A., Voulgaridis, K., & Λάγκας, Θ. (2023) · Telecommunication Systems · doi:10.1007/s11235-023-01052-y · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Another study [13] presents the vision of the Hap-”
BackgroundExploring the Benefits of Cross-Modal Coding
Yuan, Z., Kang, B., Wei, X., & Zhou, L. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology · doi:10.1109/tcsvt.2022.3196586 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“[3], [4].”
Xu, X. W., Panzirsch, M., Liu, Q., & Steinbach, E. G. (2020) · IEEE Haptics Symposium · doi:10.1109/haptics45997.2020.ras.hap20.2.4ff61dc8 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“Teleoperation over real communication networks, therefore, needs a joint consideration of stability-ensuring control schemes and an efficient haptic data communication method [13].”
MethodSelf-citationThe Adaptive Strategies Improving Design in Internet of Things
Kallam, S., Veerender, A., Shilpa, K. R., et al. (2023) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-981-19-9228-5_59 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Cross-Modal Haptic Compression Inspired by Embodied AI for Haptic Communications
Lu, H., Tan, X., Chen, M., et al. (2025) · IEEE Transactions on Multimedia · doi:10.1109/tmm.2025.3542997 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“The key codec parameter which can connect vision and touch is the Weber fraction - δ [3].”
Autoencoder for Vibrotactile Signal Compression
Li, Z., Hassen, R., & Wang, Z. (2021) · IEEE International Conference on Acoustics Speech and Signal Processing · doi:10.1109/icassp39728.2021.9413370 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Tactile codec requirements and call for contributions were published and described in [8].”
BackgroundSelf-citationWu, K., Chen, J., Chen, L., Liu, Z., Yi, C., Xu, S., Wang, J., & Kang, J. (2025) · IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management · doi:10.1109/tnsm.2025.3558358 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Meanwhile, Unity3D provides a powerful haptic framework, Chai3D [16], which can capture a wide range of haptic features, such as collision detection and force feedback.”
InfluentialMultimedia and the Tactile Internet
Saddik, A. E. (2020) · IEEE Multimedia · doi:10.1109/mmul.2020.2980098 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“5 This process is a key factor in providing consistent and compelling feedback for all the application participants.”
BackgroundSelf-citationAssessing Quality of Control in Tactile Cyber–Physical Systems
Polachan, K., Pal, J., Singh, C., et al. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management · doi:10.1109/tnsm.2022.3164100 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“However, at higher RTTs, higher tapping velocities and in the presence of stiff materials, they assist in the generation of positive feedback destabilizing the global control loop [35], [36].”
BackgroundNeuromorphic Similarity Measurement of Tactile Stimuli in Human–Machine Interface
Nie, D., Liu, J., Fei, H., & Sun, X. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Multimedia · doi:10.1109/tmm.2022.3208740 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Li, S., & Fitzek, F. H. P. (2023) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2023.1116501 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“…for digitalizing sensory signals in ways that preserve key stimulus characteristics for humans to sense and perceive, while not overburdening the latency and capacity requirements on the telecommunication networks that transmit these signals (e.g., Steinbach et al., 2018; Noll et al., 2022).”
BackgroundSoft Delivery: Survey on a New Paradigm for Wireless and Mobile Multimedia Streaming
Fujihashi, T., Koike-Akino, T., & Watanabe, T. (2021) · ACM Computing Surveys · doi:10.1145/3607139 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
5G-Enabled Tactile Internet Resource Provision via Software-Defined Optical Access Networks (SDOANs)
Ganesan, E., Hwang, I., Liem, A. T., & Ab–Rahman, M. S. (2021) · Photonics · doi:10.3390/photonics8050140 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“However, TI enables primary applications, haptic communications [10], and provides a medium for real-time touch and operation, that is, the ability to transfer haptic control over the Internet, in addition to non-haptic control and data [11].”
BackgroundTowards Subjective Experience Prediction for Time-Delayed Teleoperation with Haptic Data Reduction
Wang, Z., Mei, F., Xu, X. W., & Steinbach, E. G. (2022) · IEEE RO-MAN · doi:10.1109/ro-man53752.2022.9900732 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“1.1 working group [16].”
InfluentialSelf-citationIoTactileSim: A Virtual Testbed for Tactile Industrial Internet of Things Services
Islam, M. Z., Shahzad, S., Ali, R., Haider, A., & Kim, H. S. (2021) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s21248363 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“The tactile computer mouse was presented in [14], while the study in [23,24] provide the design and development detail on a haptic glove and Hapkit, respectively.”
MethodETVO: Effectively Measuring Tactile Internet With Experimental Validation
Kroep, K., Gokhale, V., Verburg, J., & Prasad, R. R. V. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing · doi:10.1109/tmc.2023.3246659 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
A Timestamp-Independent Haptic–Visual Synchronization Method for Haptic-Based Interaction System
Xu, Y., Huang, L., Zhao, T., et al. (2022) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s22155502 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Online Compression and Reconstruction for Communication of Force-Tactile Signals
Liu, G., Li, X., Wang, C., et al. (2023) · IEEE Communications Letters · doi:10.1109/lcomm.2023.3239188 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“An important technological aspect in tactile communication is the acquisition, compression, transmission, and display of haptic information [2].”
BackgroundInfluentialPerception-Based Prediction for Efficient Kinesthetic Coding
Xu, Y., Huang, Q., Zheng, Q., Fang, Y., & Zhao, T. (2024) · IEEE Signal Processing Letters · doi:10.1109/lsp.2024.3426980 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Currently, research on haptic encoding lags behind that of audio and video [9].”
BackgroundSemantic Communication for Multiple Vibrotactile Sensors
Ogura, T., Kitamura, S., Fujihashi, T., et al. (2023) · Globecom · doi:10.1109/globecom54140.2023.10437460 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Transform coding schemes transform the vibrotactile signal into a different domain representation, typically using orthogonal linear transformations, including discrete cosine transform (DCT) [14] and discrete wavelet transform (DWT) [3]–[5].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialEnabling VR/AR and Tactile through 5G Network
Kusuma, H. M., Shukla, V. K., & Gupta, S. (2021) · International Conference on Communication Information and Computing Technology (ICCICT) · doi:10.1109/iccict50803.2021.9510181 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Effects of Tactile Textures on Preference in Visuo-Tactile Exploration
Park, W., Jamil, M. H., Gebremedhin, R., & Eid, M. A. (2021) · ACM Transactions on Applied Perception · doi:10.1145/3449065 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Recently, various tactile displays have been developed in both academia and industry [16, 30] and with the driving force of Tactile Internet [32, 34], it is crucial to guide the design of surface haptic technologies to provide convincing tactile experiences at the lowest cost/hardware complexity.”
BackgroundSelf-citationTowards Standardization of Haptic Handshake for Tactile Internet: A WebRTC-Based Implementation
Iiyoshi, K., Tauseef, M., Gebremedhin, R., Gokhale, V., & Eid, M. A. (2019) · IEEE International Workshop on Haptic Audio visual Environments and Games · doi:10.1109/have.2019.8921013 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“WG created a scheme as shown in Figure 4, which displays a request/response packet containing metadata and a data packet containing haptic media payload [8], both of which consist of header and payload.”
MethodSelf-citationA Long Short-Term Memory-Based Model for Kinesthetic Data Reduction
Deng, Q., Mahmoodi, T., & Aghvami, A. H. (2023) · IEEE Internet of Things Journal · doi:10.1109/jiot.2023.3271603 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationMobility-Aware Multi-Instance VNF Placement in Mobile Edge Computing Networks
Wei, Q., Han, P., & Liu, Y. (2021) · International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing Conference (IWCMC) · doi:10.1109/iwcmc51323.2021.9498925 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Xu, X. W., Singh, H., Liu, Q., Panzirsch, M., Hulin, T., & Steinbach, E. G. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Haptics · doi:10.1109/toh.2021.3103379 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationNetLfD: Network-Aware Learning From Demonstration for In-Contact Skills via Teleoperation
Güleçyüz, B., von Büren, V., Xu, X. W., & Steinbach, E. G. (2023) · IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters · doi:10.1109/lra.2023.3313494 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationHaptic codecs for the Tactile Internet
Steinbach, E. G., Li, S., Güleçyüz, B., Hassen, R., Hulin, T., Johannsmeier, L., Muschter, E., Noll, A., Panzirsch, M., Singh, H., et al. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-821343-8.00016-2 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationXu, X. W., Zhang, S., Liu, Q., & Steinbach, E. G. (2021) · IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS) · doi:10.1109/iros51168.2021.9636716 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“The DB encoder selectively transmits haptic samples (left to right: velocity in the forward channel, right to left: force in the backward channel) that can lead to significant perceptual changes [10] (e.g., a relative change larger than 10%).”
BackgroundSelf-citationReinforcement Learning-Aided Edge Intelligence Framework for Delay-Sensitive Industrial Applications
Islam, M. Z., Shahzad, S., Ali, R., Haider, A., & Kim, H. S. (2022) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s22208001 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“The recent studies focus on integrating different haptic data compression/reduction approaches with stability-ensured control methods, as presented in [18,19].”
Background5G Networks, Haptic Codecs, and the Operating Theatre
Döhler, M. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-49100-0_6 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Real-Time Compression for Tactile Internet Data Streams
Seeling, P., Martin Reisslein, B., & Fitzek, F. H. P. (2021) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s21051924 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“In [15], the authors focus on compression and encoding for tactile (i.”
BackgroundAchieving the Optimum Rate for Cross-Modal Source Coding
Yuan, Z., Wu, D., & Zhou, L. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Multimedia · doi:10.1109/tmm.2024.3397192 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“M ULTI-MODAL applications, which typically integrate audio, video, and haptic signals, will dominate in the 5G and B5G era across various scenarios such as teleoperation, online education, and holographic communications [1], [2], [3], [4].”
BackgroundEnhancing the Force Transparency of the Energy-Reflection-Based Time-Domain Passivity Approach
Panzirsch, M., Singh, H., Xu, X. W., et al. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology · doi:10.1109/tcst.2024.3458831 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationJoint Visual and Haptic Signal Transmission for Immersive Interactions in Human Digital Twin
Wu, K., Chen, J., Yi, C., Liu, Z., Lu, X., Wang, J., & Cai, J. (2024) · International Conference on Ubiquitous Communication (Ucom) · doi:10.1109/ucom62433.2024.10695916 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
A review on multimodal communications for human-robot collaboration in 5G: from visual to tactile
Wang, Z., Chen, M., & Liu, Q. (2025) · Intelligence & Robotics · doi:10.20517/ir.2025.30 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationTactile Internet standards of the IEEE P1918.1 Working Group
Simsek, M., Oteafy, S., Dawy, Z., Eid, M. A., Holland, O., & Steinbach, E. G. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-821343-8.00028-9 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationFuture Tactile Internet: Issues, Challenges and Applications
Bera, S., Das, H., Nayak, S., & Patgiri, R. (2021) · International Conference on Signal Processing, Computing and Control (ISPCC) · doi:10.1109/ispcc53510.2021.9609388 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Error Resilience of Haptic Data in Interactive Systems
Xu, Y., Huang, Y., Chen, W., Xue, H., & Zhao, T. (2019) · International Conference on Wireless Communications and Signal Processing (WCSP) · doi:10.1109/wcsp.2019.8927919 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Human beings are accustomed to obtain information via watching and hearing [1].”
BackgroundFPGA Applied to Latency Reduction for the Tactile Internet
José, C. V. S., Silva, S. N., Torquato, M. F., Mahmoodi, T., Döhler, M., & Fernandes, M. A. C. (2022) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s22207851 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationAdding Touch to Immersive Media: An Overview of the MPEG Haptics Coding Standard
Guillotel, P., Muthusamy, Y. K., Galvane, Q., Vezzoli, E., Nockenberg, L., Sodagar, I., Costa, H. D., Hulsken, A., Lécuyer, G., Silva, M. P. D., et al. (2025) · IEEE Transactions on Haptics · doi:10.1109/toh.2025.3539026 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“[12] lists use-cases in teleoperation, telepresence, and virtual reality and explains their requirements and challenges for haptic codecs.”
InfluentialNeshov, N. N., Christoff, N., Sechkova, T., et al. (2024) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics13091606 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Acquisition of Force Tactile Data With Human Biomechanical Differences Using RBLW Estimator
Song, R. F., Sun, X., & Liu, G. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement · doi:10.1109/tim.2021.3129490 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Joint Source-Channel Coding for Multi-Channel Vibrotactile Sensors
Ogura, T., Kitamura, S., Fujihashi, T., et al. (2025) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2025.3526664 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“For instance, VPC-DS [8], [9] and VC-PWQ [10] use one-dimensional discrete wavelet transforms (1D-DWT) to convert the signals into frequency domain representations.”
InfluentialPham, V. C., Luu, Q. K., Nguyen, T. T., et al. (2022) · Lecture notes in business information processing · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-07481-3_11 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Noll, A., Gürbüz, A. B., Güleçyüz, B., et al. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Haptics · doi:10.1109/toh.2021.3078889 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“THE compression of vibrotactile signals has gained increasing attention recently [1].”
BackgroundSelf-citationHaptic-aware Interaction: Design and Evaluation
Fang, Y. (2023) · ACM International Conference on Multimedia (ACM MM) · doi:10.1145/3581783.3613437 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Federated Closed-Loop Learning for Cross-Modal Generation of Tactile Friction in Tactile Internet
Liping, Z., Wang, H., Yang, L., et al. (2024) · IEEE Internet of Things Journal · doi:10.1109/jiot.2024.3492274 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“This allows the data generated by our framework to be transmitted to surface haptic devices for high-fidelity haptic rendering of shapes and textures on touchscreens [2], [4].”
InfluentialCell-Less Offloading of Distributed Learning Tasks in Multi-Access Edge Computing
Han, P., Liu, B., Liu, Y., et al. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing · doi:10.1109/tmc.2024.3442242 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Friction Coefficient Generated by Federated Transformer and its Application in Tactile Device
Song, R. F., Liu, G., & Sun, X. (2024) · IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics · doi:10.1109/tmech.2024.3449442 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“This algorithm not only accurately generates tactile friction coefficient from audio and image, but also preserves the data privacy for each client [30].”
CRoss-MODAL Communications For Holographic Video Streaming
Gao, Y., Wang, T., Zhou, L., et al. (2025) · IEEE Wireless Communications · doi:10.1109/mwc.001.2400164 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Different from conventional non-uniform quantization, which often introduces perceived distortions, this method uses both absolute thresholds and masking thresholds of tactile perception for efficient coding without any per-ceivable distortion in sensitive frequency ranges Based on [13, 14], Fig.”
Evaluation of Haptic Feedback Cues on Steering Wheel Based on Blind Spot Obstacle Avoidance
Tao, J., Wang, D., & Zhu, E. (2021) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-77080-8_21 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The OVGU Haptic Communication Testbed (OVGU-HC)
Engelhardt, F., Behrens, J., & Güneş, M. (2020) · IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC) · doi:10.1109/pimrc48278.2020.9217271 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“These are typically characterized by their unique traffic shape, which is of either tactile or kinesthetic form, or both [10].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialTimmerer, C., Wien, M., Yu, L., & Reibman, A. R. (2021) · Proceedings of the IEEE · doi:10.1109/jproc.2021.3098048 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
On the Correlation Between Tactile Stimulation and Pleasantness
D’Aurizio, N., Ramundo, T., Baldi, T. L., Moscatelli, A., & Prattichizzo, D. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Haptics · doi:10.1109/toh.2023.3322557 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Suchcommunicationspeed willimprovetheoverallqualityofhapticcommunicationsolutions[49], as the increase of fidelity of the haptic sensation can cause rejection if it is not rendered in concordance with other sensory feedback [50].”
BackgroundPaik, P., Zhou, X., & Atashzar, S. F. (2025) · IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement · doi:10.1109/tim.2025.3575999 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“…can benefit from ultralow latency and ultrahigh reliability in the communication channel, which open doors to realize the concept of tactile Internet [13], [14], [15], [16], [17] under which we can explore several long-distance medical interventions, among which exists telerobotic rehabilitation.”
Tactile Internet in Internet of Things Ecosystems
Lacalle, I., López, C., Vaño, R., Palau, C. E., Esteve, M., Ganzha, M., Paprzycki, M., & Szmeja, P. (2022) · Lecture notes in electrical engineering · doi:10.1007/978-981-19-1677-9_69 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Real, S., & Araújo, Á. (2023) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s23063219 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Limitations of the Perceptual Deadband Approach for Haptic Data Compression
Chhabaria, M., Hemanth, G., & Bhardwaj, A. (2023) · National Conference on Communications · doi:10.1109/ncc56989.2023.10067964 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“In the literature, the researchers have employed a perceptually adaptive sampling approach for haptic data reduction [3]–[7].”
BackgroundSelf-citationFederated Double Deep Q-Networks for Unbalanced Material Classification in Tactile Internet
Liu, G., Wang, H., Wang, C., et al. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics · doi:10.1109/tii.2024.3451488 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
He, D., & Liu, Q. (2024) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-70061-3_10 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“However, existing perceptual models only consider frequency domain perceptual characteristics for single interaction point [16], overlooking multi-point spatially distributed interactions.”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationEffect of force-rate on continuous kinesthetic force discrimination
Meghwanshi, R. P., Bhardwaj, A., & Kumar, H. (2025) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-025-07080-1 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“In the recent past, the Weber fraction for force perception has also been employed in defining the perceptual adaptive sampling mechanisms for the transmission of the perceptually relevant data points to the other side of telepresence and teleaction systems (TPTA) (Hinterseer et al. 2008; Bhardwaj et al. 2017; Steinba…”
InfluentialSelf-citationSignal processing for haptic surface modeling: A review
Stefani, A. L., Bisagno, N., Rosani, A., Conci, N., & Natale, F. G. B. D. (2025) · Signal Processing Image Communication · doi:10.1016/j.image.2025.117338 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Alja’afreh, M., Maadeed, S. A., Alja’am, J. M., et al. (2020) · IEEE International Conference on Informatics, IoT, and Enabling Technologies (ICIoT) · doi:10.1109/iciot48696.2020.9089470 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“When stepping into the era of 5G [1, 2], the emergence of Tactile Internet (TI) will append haptic in every multimedia application.”
BackgroundSelf-citationPerceptual Deadband for Haptic Data Compression: Symmetric or Asymmetric?
Bhardwaj, A. (2022) · IEEE RO-MAN · doi:10.1109/ro-man53752.2022.9900602 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“In addition, for better perceptual transparency, the haptic information needs to be updated at a rate higher than 1000 Hz, and leads to a high haptic packet rate to be transmitted [2].”
BackgroundSelf-citation
- Authors
- Steinbach, E., Strese, M., Eid, M., Liu, X., Bhardwaj, A., Liu, Q., Al-Ja'Afreh, M., Mahmoodi, T., Hassen, R., El Saddik, A., & Holland, O.
- Affiliations
- Technical University of Munich (DE)
- New York University Abu Dhabi (AE)
- King's College London (GB)
- Dalian University of Technology (CN)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Proceedings of the IEEE
- Published
- 2019-02
- Volume
- 107
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 447-470
- ISSN
- 0018-9219 (ISSN-L)
- 1558-2256
- OpenAlex
- W2912555763
- Cited by
- 168
- References
- 187
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 33 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 9
- FWCI
- 10.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- kclpure.kcl.ac.uk
- Licence
- Locations
- Proceedings of the IEEE (publishedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- mediaTUM – the media and publications repository of the Technical University Munich (Technical University Munich) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- mediaTUM – the media and publications repository of the Technical University Munich (Technical University Munich) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- German Research Foundation (DFG) (STE 1093/6-1, STE 1093/8-1)
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (61761136019)
- Kings College London (DUT18JC17)
- Ericsson 5G Tactile Internet Industry Grant to Kings College London
- Project 5G NORMA part of the UK DCMS 5GUK Project (H2020-ICT-2014-2)
- Alexander-von-Humboldt Foundation under a research fellowship at the Technical University of Munich
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Teleoperation and Haptic Systems
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Tactile and Sensory Interactions
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Signal Processing › Speech and Audio Processing
- Keywords
- tactile internet, haptic communication, perceptual coding
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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